Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage
lMark Z.Jacobson Anna-Katharina von Krauland Stephen J.Coughlin Frances C.Palmer Miles M.Smith
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Highlights
•Study examines grid stability with 100% WWS + storage in U.S. regions and states
•Even with extreme weather, no blackouts occur in Texas, California, or any other state
•Concatenating 4-h batteries provides long-duration storage plus high peak discharge
•Costs in most states are lower when states interconnected versus isolated
•Costs in all states are much lower than in a business-as-usual (BAU) case
Abstract
This study analyzes 2050–2051 grid stability in the 50 U S. states and District of Columbia after their all-sector (electricity, transportation, buildings, industry) energy is transitioned to 100% clean, renewable Wind-Water-Solar (WWS) electricity and heat plus storage and demand response (thus to zero air pollution and zero carbon). Grid stability is analyzed in five regions; six isolated states (Texas, California, Florida, New York, Alaska, Hawaii); Texas interconnected with the Midwest, and the contiguous U.S. No blackouts occur, including during summer in California or winter in Texas. No batteries with over 4-h storage are needed. Concatenating 4-h batteries provides long-duration storage. Whereas transitioning more than doubles electricity use, it reduces total end-use energy demand by ~57% versus business-as-usual (BAU), contributing to the 63 (43–79)% and 86 (77–90)% lower annual private and social (private + health + climate) energy costs, respectively, than BAU. Costs per unit energy in California, New York, and Texas are 11%, 21%, and 27% lower, respectively, and in Florida are 1.5% higher, when these states are interconnected regionally rather than islanded. Transitioning may create ~4.7 million more permanent jobs than lost and requires only ~0.29% and 0.55% of new U.S. land for footprint and spacing, respectively, less than the 1.3% occupied by the fossil industry today.
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