Why Vitamins?
* Studies finding that greater than the RDA of selenium[43][44][45] reduce the overall incidence of cancers
* Studies finding that greater than the RDA of vitamin D[46] reduce the overall incidence of cancers; a randomised intervention study involving 1,200 women, published in June 2007, reports that vitamin D supplementation (1,100 international units (IU) / day) resulted in a 60% reduction in cancer incidence, during a four-year clinical trial, rising to a 77% reduction if cancers diagnosed in the first year (and therefore more likely to have originated prior to the intervention) were excluded.[47] [48]
* Studies finding that greater than the RDA of "A, B6, C and E plus zinc",[49] folic acid[50] and selenium[43][44][45] reduce the incidence of specific cancers
* Studies finding that supplementation of long-chain omega-3 essential fatty acids[51] reduced the incidence of cardiac mortality in secondary prevention trials[52][53][54]
* Early studies finding that vitamin E alone[55] and vitamin C & E together[55] reduce coronary disease mortality
* Studies finding that niacin[56], selenium[43], zinc[57], vitamin C[58] alone and vitamin E[55] alone and vitamin C & E together[55] reduce overall mortality rates
* Bruce Ames's studies on the effects of vitamins on genetic diseases and biochemical aging processes[59][60][61][62]
* The advocacy of daily multivitamins in cancer prevention by Bruce Ames[63][64] and by others in a JAMA review article for "chronic disease prevention in adults"[65][66]
1. ^ a b Definition of Orthomolecular medicine at www.orthomed.org Accessed June 2006
2. ^ a b c d e Cassileth BR. Alternative medicine handbook: the complete reference guide to alternative and complementary therapies. New York: W.W.Norton & Co., 1998:67.
3. ^ a b Orthomolecular Medicine Revisited, Wunderlich RC, Orthomolecular Medicine Online, accessed 6 Nov 2006
4. ^ OMACOR®(omega-3-acid ethyl esters), Reliant Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
5. ^ Greene R, Cortez MF. Abbott to Buy Kos Pharmaceuticals for $3.7 Billion (Update2). Bloomberg.com, 6 Nov 2006.
6. ^ Orthomolecular Medicine News Service (OMNS) Listing or research and news items favourable to the Orthomolecular point of view
7. ^ Cite error 8; No text given.
8. ^ How safe are vitamins? Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, November 9, 2005 - Accessed August 2006
9. ^ Observations On the Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid When Employed Beyond the Range of a Vitamin in Human Pathology
10. ^ Alpha-Lipoic Acid (Thioctic Acid): My Experience
11. ^ Reduction of Cholesterol and Lp(A) in Regression of Coronary Artery Disease: A Case Study
12. ^ Coenzyme Q10: A Novel Cardiac Antioxidant (1997)
13. ^ New/Old Findings on Unique Vitamin E
14. ^ AscorbateWeb: Timeline from 1935 to 1939
15. ^ Hidden in Plain Sight: The Pioneering Work of Frederick Robert Klenner, M.D. Andrew W. Saul, online reprint from J Orthomolecular Med, 2007. Vol 22, No 1, p 31-38, Accessed October 2007
16. ^ A posthumous summary of Frederick Klenner's 28 papers. Lendon H. Smith, M.D., Clinical Guide to the Use of Vitamin C - The Clinical Experiences of Frederick R. Klenner, M.D. . Accessed October 2007.
17. ^ STONE. I.: Studies of a Mammalian Enzyme System for Producing Evolutionary Evidence on Man. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 15, 83-85, 1965.
18. ^ STONE. I.: On the Genetic Etiology of Scurvy. Acts Genet. Med. Gemellol. 15, 345-350,1966.
19. ^ STONE, I.: Hypoascorbemia, the Genetic Disease Causing the Human Requirement for Exogenous Ascorbic Acid, Perspectives Bio. Med. 10, 133-134, 1966.
20. ^ STONE, I.: The Genetic Disease, Hyposacorbemia: A Fresh Approach to an Ancient Disease and Some of its Medical Implications, Acta Genet Med. Gemellol. 16, 52-62. 1967.
21. ^ Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease,Science 1968 Apr 19;160(825):265-71. (PMID 5641253) [1]
22. ^ Definition of Orthomolecular medicine at www.orthomed.org Accessed June 2006 and What is Orthomolecular Medicine?, Linus Pauling Inst.
23. ^ Clinical Data Shows Vitamin C May Reduce Risks of Cancer, Heart Disease and Variety of Other Health Disorders Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News , September 24 2007 reporting on Seminars in Preventive and Alternative Medicine (vol. 3, iss. 1, pp. 25-35) Mark A. Moyad, MD, MPH of University of Michigan. accessed October 2007
24. ^ Leung LH, [http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1997/articles/1997-v12n02-p099.shtml A Stone that Kills two Birds:] How Pantothenic Acid Unveils the Mysteries of Acne Vulgaris and Obesity, J. Orthomolecular Med., Vol. 12, 2nd Qtr 1997, Accessed 9 July 2007
25. ^ Plaza SW, Lamson DW. [www.thorne.com/pdf/journal/10-1/vit_k10-1.pdf Vitamin K2 in Bone Metabolism and Osteoporosis]. Alt Medicine Review, Vol 10, No 1.
26. ^ Hoffer A, et al. Treatment Protocol for Alcoholism. Orthomolecular Medicine News Service, 1 Jul 2005
27. ^ Princeton Brain Bio Center. Brochure, distributed to patients. Skillman, N.J., 1983, The Center.
28. ^ Skinner P, "Orthomolecular Medicine", Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine: Holistic medicine, Thomson Gale, 2004.
29. ^ Klenner FR, Observations On the Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid When Employed Beyond the Range of A Vitamin In Human Pathology, J Applied Nutrition, Winter 1971, Vol. 23, No. 3 & 4, pp. 61-88
30. ^ Richard P. Huemer MD, Orthomolecular Medicine, Encyclopedia of Complementary Health Practice, Springer Publishing Company, September 18, 1997. available online
31. ^ a b c orthomed.org Principles That Identify Orthormolecular Medicine: A Unique Medical Specialty by Richard A. Kunin
32. ^ NCCAM.NIH table 1 on page 8
33. ^ Strader DB, Bacon BR, Lindsay KL, La Brecque DR, Morgan T, Wright EC, Allen J, Khokar MF, Hoofnagle JH, Seeff LB. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Sep;97(9):2391-7.
34. ^ orthomed.org Orthomolecular Medicine Online
35. ^ Smith GCS, Pell JP. Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma related to gravitational challenge: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2003;327:1459-1461 (20 December)
36. ^ DJ Hess, Complementary or Alternative? Stronger vs Weaker Integration Policies Am J Public Health. 2002 October; 92(10): 1579–1581.
37. ^ Lexchin J, Light DW. Commercial influence and the content of medical journalsBMJ 2006;332:1444-1447 (17 June)
38. ^ The Acid Test For Schizophrenia, essay, 2005, accessed September 10, 2006
39. ^ Hoffer's Home Page -The Schizophrenias, accessed September 10, 2006
40. ^ P. Scott, E. Richards, B. Martin, Captives of Controversy: The Myth of the Neutral Social Researcher in Contemporary Scientific Controversies, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 15, No. 4, Fall 1990, pp. 474-494, accessed September 10, 2006
41. ^ Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woolhandler SJ, Himmelstein DU, Wolfe SM, Bor DH. Timing of New Black Box Warnings and Withdrawals for Prescription Medications. JAMA. 2002;287:2215-2220.
42. ^ doctoryourself.com
43. ^ a b c Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL Jr, Park HK, Sanders BB Jr, Smith CL, Taylor JR. JAMA 1996 ;276:1957-63 PMID 8971064 200ug/d of selenium for 4.5 years resulted in a 17% reduction of totality mortality by over 11 years (in total), due to a 50% reduction of (all) cancer mortality, 37% reduction in (all) cancer occurrence
44. ^ a b Reduction of cancer mortality and incidence by selenium supplementation. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW in Med Klin 1997 ;92 Suppl 3:42-5. PMID 9342915
45. ^ a b Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW in Biomed Environ Sci 1997;10:227-34 PMID 9315315
46. ^ "Vitamin D 'can lower cancer risk'", BBC News, 28 December 2005. Retrieved on 2006-03-23.
47. ^ Martin Mittelstaedt. "Vitamin D casts cancer prevention in new light", Global and Mail, 28 April 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-28.
48. ^ Lappe JM and others (2007). "Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial.". Am J Clin Nutr. 85 (6): 1586-91. PMID 17556697.
49. ^ J Urol. 1994 Jan;151(1):21-6. Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double-blind clinical trial.Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF, DeHaven JI. PMID 8254816 "The 5-year estimates of tumor recurrence are 91% in the RDA arm and 41% in the megadose arm"
50. ^ Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC; Ann Intern Med" 1998 Oct 1;129(7):517-24 PMID 9758570 Long-term use (>15 years) of folate-containing multivitamin supplements produced an almost 5-fold reduction in the incidence of colon cancer.
51. ^ Ridker PM; Ballantyne CM. MD)[http://www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?q=omacor&dpg=1 Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Therapy on Lipids and sCAMs], slide, Lipids Online, Baylor College of Medicine, 3 Oct 2001, accessed 10 Nov 2006
52. ^ ajcn.org
53. ^ GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E in 11,324 patients with myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447–55.[PMID 10465168]
54. ^ Orthomolecular Research
55. ^ a b c d Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ in Am J Clin Nutr 1996 Aug;64(2):190-6 PMID: 8694019 over 9 years of vitamin E found a 34% reduction in total mortality along with a 47% reduction coronary disease mortality; over 9 years from vitamin C & E use found a 42% reduction in total mortality with a 53% reduction in coronary disease mortality
56. ^ Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, Stamler J, Friedman L, Prineas RJ, Friedewald W in J Am Coll Cardiol 1986 Dec;8(6):1245-55 PMID: 3782631 "With a mean follow-up of 15 years, nearly 9 years after termination of the trial, mortality from all causes in each of the drug groups, except for niacin, was similar to that in the placebo group. Mortality in the niacin group was 11% lower than in the placebo group (52.0 versus 58.2%; p = 0.0004)." Dose used = 2g 3g/day for 6 years. The drop in mortality was only evident after 6-8 years.
57. ^ Associations of Mortality With Ocular Disorders and an Intervention of High-Dose Antioxidants and Zinc in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 13. AREDS Research Group (Authors: Traci E. Clemons, PhD; Natalie Kurinij, PhD; Robert D. Sperduto, MD.) in Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 May;122(5):716-26. PMID: 15136320 "Participants randomly assigned to receive zinc [80mg/d] had lower mortality than those not taking zinc (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.89)."
58. ^ Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA in Epidemiology 1992 May;3(3):194-202 (PMID 1591317) 35% reduction in mortality over 10 years from vitamin C use
59. ^ Bruce N Ames, Ilan Elson-Schwab and Eli A Silver (2002). "High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased Km): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms". American Society for Clinical Nutrition 75: 616-658. Retrieved on 2006-08-12.
60. ^ Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substrate-binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-L- carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Liu J, Killilea DW, Ames BN in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Feb 19;99(4):1876-81 (PMID 11854488)
61. ^ Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 19;99(4):2356-61. (PMID 11854529)
62. ^ Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 19;99(4):1870-5. (PMID 11854487)
63. ^ a b juvenon.com
64. ^ a b reason.com
65. ^ Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications. Fletcher RH, Fairfield KM in JAMA 2002 Jun 19;287(23):3127-9 (PMID 12069676) “Most people do not consume an optimal amount of all vitamins by diet alone. Pending strong evidence of effectiveness from randomized trials, it appears prudent for all adults to take vitamin supplements.[….] We recommend that all adults take one multivitamin daily.[…..] It is reasonable to consider a dose of 2 ordinary [i.e. RDA levels] multivitamins daily in the elderly”
66. ^ Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review. Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH in JAMA 2002 Jun 19;287(23):3116-26 (PMID: 12069675) “Although the clinical syndromes of vitamin deficiencies are unusual in Western societies, suboptimal vitamin status is not [unusual].”
67. ^ Vivekananthan D, Penn M, Sapp S, Hsu A, Topol E (2003). "Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials.". Lancet 361 (9374): 2017-23. PMID 12814711.
68. ^ Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold J, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais G (2005). "Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial.". JAMA 293 (11): 1338-47. PMID 15769967.
69. ^ [2]
70. ^ Spencer JW, Jacobs JJ. Complementary/alternative medicine: an evidence based approach. Toronto: Mosley, 1999:134,137; The selenium shocker. University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter 1997;13:8-9; news.cornell.edu
71. ^ canstats.org
72. ^ Marcia Angell, (August 24, 2004) The Truth About the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About It, Random House, 1st ed, ISBN 0-375-50846-5
73. ^ Text of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, legislating that vitamin supplements are regulated as foods rather than as medications. Accessed 21 Sept 2006.
74. ^ Falloon W. What Do “Regulated” Supplements Cost. LE Magazine (online archives), July 2005, p 1
75. ^ Saul A, How to Spot Anti- Vitamin Research: Ten Ways to Spot Anti-Vitamin Biases in a Scientific Study, DoctorYourself.com, accessed 1 Nov 2006
76. ^ Hoffer A, FACTS AND FACTOIDS: An Information Sheet for Patients, DoctorYourself.com, accessed 1 Nov 2006
77. ^ Pauling L, (1976) Vitamin C, the Common Cold, and the Flu, W H Freeman & Co , ISBN 0-7167-0361-0
78. ^ a b Douglas RM, Hemila H (2005). "Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold". PLoS Med 2 (6): e168; quiz e217. PMID 15971944.
79. ^ The Ascorbate Effect in Infectious and Autoimmune Diseases Fourth World Conference on Nutritional Medicine, San Francisco, June 2004.
80. ^ Hasslberger S. Vitamin C could be effective against SARS. New Media Explorer. 6 June 2003 includes republication of article: Mawhinney J. "Vitamin C touted to fight virus." Toronto Star, 30 May 2003.
81. ^ American Cancer Society 2006 "Orthomolecular Medicine has not been definitively or authoritatively proven to help many of the conditions for which it recommends treatments. However, vitamins, minerals, and other supplements have been and continue to be studied to see if they can help or prevent many types of illness." [3]
82. ^ Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Megavitamin and megamineral therapy in childhood. Canadian Medical Association Journal 143:1009-13, 1990, reaffirmed April 2000.
83. ^ Stephen Barrett MD, The Dark Side of Linus Pauling's Legacy, Quackwatch.available online
84. ^ Padayatty SL et al., Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics: Implications for Oral and Intravenous Use Ann Intern Med 2004;140:533-7.
85. ^ Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics. Megavitamin therapy for childhood psychoses and learning disabilities. Pediatrics 58:910912, 1976. PMID 995522
86. ^ emedicine - Toxicity statistics, 2003
87. ^ Rapola JM, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;349;1715-20.
88. ^ PMID 3153129
89. ^ PMID 3737019
90. ^ Roberts HJ. Vitamin E [letter]. Lancet 1995 Mar 18;345:737
91. ^ Kaegi E, on behalf of the Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Unconventional therapies to cancer: 5. Vitamins A, C, and E. Canadian Medical Association 1998; 158:1483-88.
92. ^ doctoryourself.com TESTIMONY by Andrew W. Saul before the Government of Canada, House of Commons Standing Committee on Health, regarding natural health product safety (Ottawa, May 12, 2005).
93. ^ emedicine.com
94. ^ Horwitt MK, et al, Serum concentrations of a-tocopherol after ingestion of various vitamin E preparations, Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40: 240-245. The rat-fetal-resorption test currently is used to assess the biological activity of vitamin E compounds. Previous studies in humans, however, suggest that rat assays underestimate the potency of free tocopherol relative to the acetate ester form and of RRR-a-tocopheryl acetate relative to all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate. Therefore, we studied...20 adult human subjects. Measurements...of 800 IU of the various preparations...at 24 h...mean increase in concentration of a-tocopherols (mg/g lipid) in 24 h was 71.2% after RRR-a-tocopherol, 63.3% after RRR-a-tocopher[yl] acetate plus apple pectin, 60.9% after RRR-a-tocopher[yl] acetate, 31.6% after all-rac-a-tocopher[yl] acetate, and 41.2% after RRR-a-tocopher[yl] succinate. Animal assay data do not correlate with data from studies of absorption and retention in serum of a-tocopherols ingested by humans.
95. ^ Jiang Q et al.Gamma tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 714-22.
96. ^ JM Gaziano, Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease: Observational Studies, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1031: 280–291 (2004) "
97. ^ Vivekananthan D, Penn M, Sapp S, Hsu A, Topol E (2003). "Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials.". 'Lancet' 361: 2017-23. PMID 12814711.
98. ^ M Walker, New/Old Findings on Unique Vitamin E, Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, No. 111, 1992, p. 826
99. ^ L MacWilliam,What Makes Gamma Tocopherol Superior to Alpha Tocopherol, LE Magazine, Report, April 2006
100. ^ a b c M. Houston, “Meta-Analysis, Metaphysics and Mythology” JANA Vol. 8 No. 1, 2005 original
101. ^ Miller E, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma R, Appel L, Guallar E (2005). "Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality.". 'Ann Intern Med' 142: 37-46. PMID 15537682.
102. ^ Carter, T. Responses and Comments: High-Dosage Vitamin E Supplementation and All-Cause Mortality, Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jul 19;143(2):155; responses 150-160
103. ^ Dam HCP. Influence of antioxidants and redox substances on signs of vitamn E defciency. Pharmacol Rev 1957 9: 1-16.
104. ^ Hoskins FH. (1980) Antinutrients, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp 213-214
105. ^ PMID 16027469
106. ^ Jialal I, Devaraj S. Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: don't throw out the baby with the bath water. Circulation. 2003 Feb 25;107(7):926-8. (Comment on: Circulation. 2003 Feb 25;107(7):947-53.) PMID 12600900
107. ^ Schectman G, Byrd JC, Gruchow HW. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. Am J Public Health. 1989 February; 79(2): 158–162.
108. ^ Stone I. Smoker’s Scurvy: Orthomolecular Preventive Medicine in Cigarette Smoking. Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 1976, Vol 5, No 1, pp. 35-42
109. ^ Hercberg S, Galan P, et al, The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb 14;165(3):286.
110. ^ JM Geleijnse, C Vermeer, DE Grobbee, LJ Schurgers, MHJ Knapen, IM van der Meer, A Hofman, JCM Witteman, Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study J. Nutr. 134:3100-3105, November 2004
111. ^ Pizzorno JE, Murray MT (November 2005) Textbook of Natural Medicine, 3rd edition, Churchill Livingstone, ISBN 0-443-07300-7, Chapters 12, 14, 24, 59, 181
112. ^ Educational Documents, CDSA 2.0 Universal Kit Guide, Digestive Analysis Solution Center, Genova Diagnostics, accessed 2 Nov 2006
113. ^ healthwatcher.net
114. ^ Klenner, FR. Observations On the Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid When Employed Beyond the Range Of A Vitamin. Human Pathology Journal of Applied Nutrition Vol. 23, No's 3 & 4, Winter 1971.
115. ^ Klenner FR. Virus Pneumonia and Its Treatment With Vitamin C. Southern Med Surg, v110, no 2, p36, 1948.
116. ^ Klenner FR. The Treatment of Poliomyelitis and Other Virus Diseases with Vitamin C, Southern Med Surg, v111, no 7, p209, 1949.
117. ^ Klenner FR. The Use of Vitamin C as an Antibiotic. J Appl Nutr, vol 6, p274, 1953
118. ^ Multivitamin found to slow pace of HIV, Study examined Tanzanian women, The Boston Globe, July 1, 2004
119. ^ [4] HD Foster Treating AIDS with Nutrition.
120. ^ doctoryourself.com RF Cathcart, Vitamin C in the Treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Medical Hypotheses 14:423-433, 1984
121. ^ Eylar E, et al. Sustained levels of ascorbic acid are toxic and immunosuppressive for human T cells. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 1996;15:21-6
122. ^ [5] Director's newsletter, Linus Pauling Institute, Spring 2006
123. ^ OMACOR deal signed with new Euro partners, HYDRO, 11 Dec 2001
124. ^ fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase, Miyazaki Medical College, Japan
125. ^ Coenzyme Q10, prescribed for CHF in Japan since 1974, AAFP
126. ^ Kaitin, KI, Brown, J. 1995. A Drug Lag Update. Drug Information Journal 29:361–73
127. ^ [6] History of the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine by Abram Hoffer. |
