If a $1 why not 5 cents? Tell us what you are up, er down to: "A few days later, Gurary was approached through an intermediary and spoke with Winehouse, who allegedly admitted to him that he deliberately had shorted the stock to drive the price down, said that he intended to continue, and advised Gurary to sell his shares
because the price would drop to "a dollar."
tourolaw.edu
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
-----
August Term, 1998
(Argued: October 16, 1998 Decided: August 24, 1999 )
Nos. 98-7239(L), 98-7280(XAP)
-----
MORDECHAI GURARY,
Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross Appellee,
V.
ISAAC WINEHOUSE and ISAAC WINEHOUSE,
doing business as Wall & Broad Equities,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
NU-TECH BIO-MED, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee-Cross-Appellant.
-----
Before: ALKER, Circuit Judge, OAKES, Senior Circuit Judge, and KAPLAN, District Judge.*
-----
Appeal and cross-appeal from a decision of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Louis L. Stanton,
Judge), granting defendants' motions for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and denying the motion of defendant Nu-Tech
Bio-Med, Inc. for sanctions.
Affirmed in part, vacated and remanded in part.
KAPLAN, District Judge.
Plaintiff appeals from a judgment of the district court (Stanton, J.) to the extent that it dismissed the plaintiff's claims under Section 10(b)
of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), 15 U.S.C. § 78j, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder on the merits and his
pendent state claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. One of the defendants cross-appeals from so much of the judgment as denied
so much of its motion as sought sanctions under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "PSLRA"). We affirm so much
of the judgment as dismissed plaintiff's case. We vacate and remand insofar as it denied the application for sanctions.
I
Nu-Tech Bio-Med, Inc.("Nu-Tech") was formed in 1981. Its common stock, which is the security that allegedly was manipulated, is traded
on NASDAQ.
The Nu-Tech Convertible Preferred
In late 1996, 1 at a time when Nu-Tech common stock was trading at about $15 per share, Nu-Tech raised $14 million by issuing 14,000
shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock in a private placement at a price of $1,000 per share. This security had no voting rights
and paid no dividends but was convertible into common at the lesser of (1) $17.50 per share, and (2) 75 percent of the average closing
bid price of the common for the five trading days prior to the date of the holder's notice of conversion, with one-third of the holder's shares
being convertible on each of the forty-fifth, the seventy-fifth, and the one hundred-fifth day after issuance. Nu-Tech was obliged to register
the common stock into which the preferred was convertible. These characteristics had several notable implications.
First, the facts that the preferred (a) paid no dividends, (b)had no voting rights, and (c) was convertible to common at a bargain price, and
that (d) the conversion right expired following the one hundred fifth day following issuance meant that the preferred almost inevitably would
be converted. 2
Second, purchasers of the preferred were likely to profit no matter what happened to the price of the common stock, provided only that
the company survived. If the common traded below $23.33 per share immediately prior to conversion, the preferred would be converted at
75 percent of the price of the common (which would be less than $17.50). As long as the price of the common did not fall more than 25
percent following the conversion, the preferred shareholder would profit by conversion and sale of the common into which the preferred
was converted. 3 If the common traded above $23.33 immediately prior to conversion, the preferred would be converted at $17.50 (which
would be less than 75 percent of the trading price of the common), thus virtually assuring an even greater profit.
Third, even if the preferred were to be converted into the minimum number of common shares, 4 the preexisting common stock holders
would be diluted very substantially. At the minimum conversion ratio of 57.14 shares of common per share of preferred, conversion of the
entire issue of preferred would result in the issuance of 799,970 additional shares of common, whereas Nu-Tech had only about 2.4
million shares outstanding at the time of the private placement. Conversion at higher ratios (i.e., when the price of the common was below
$23.33 per share) would increase the number of shares issued and therefore the dilution. Indeed, a sufficiently substantial drop in the
price of the common could increase the conversion ratio so much that conversion would result in the former preferred shareholders
owning a majority of the company's post-conversion common stock. Thus, the existence of the convertible preferred, in and of itself,
doubtless exerted downward pressure on the price of the common.
Winehouse's Alleged Scheme
The complaint alleges that defendant Isaac Winehouse, doing business as Wall & Broad Equities, organized a "cartel" to purchase a
percentage of the Nu-Tech convertible preferred in the names of nominees. He then allegedly arranged for a number of securities firms to
become market makers in Nu-Tech common stock and proceeded to sell the common short, allegedly to drive the price of the common
stock down.
The Dealings Among Nu-Tech, Winehouse and Plaintiff
Plaintiff Mordechai Gurary purchased 1,000 shares of Nu-Tech common on October 31, 1996 and another 5,500 shares on November 7,
1996 at $14.60 and $15.50 per share, respectively. In or about December 1996, the stock price began to decline. A concerned Gurary
spoke to J. Marvin Feigenbaum, chairman of Nu-Tech. Feigenbaum told him that he had spoken to Winehouse and threatened that
Nu-Tech would refuse to register the common stock into which the preferred was convertible unless Winehouse and his group stopped
shorting the common. He predicted that this threat would convince Winehouse to stop shorting the stock because a refusal to register the
common issued upon conversion would force Winehouse to cover his short position by purchasing Nu-Tech common in the open market,
perhaps at higher prices. Gurary, evidently comforted, then purchased another 1,000 shares on December 24, 1996 at a price of $11.75
per share.
Gurary claims subsequently to have learned that Winehouse and his associates had continued to short the stock using nominee names,
having arranged to "borrow" an unlimited number of shares for that purpose from market makers. On February 18, 1997, Gurary again
spoke to Feigenbaum, who told him that he had met that day with Winehouse and others in another attempt to stop the short selling.
Feigenbaum told Gurary that Nu-Tech had offered to repurchase the group's preferred shares at cost plus ten percent and to allow it to
keep its existing profits from the short sales if the group would stop its activities but that Winehouse had refused. Feigenbaum, however,
told Gurary that Nu-Tech would not give in to Winehouse and would refuse to register the short sellers' shares. Later that day, Gurary
bought another 8,350 shares of Nu-Tech common at a price of $11.57.
On March 12, 1997, Feigenbaum and another Nu-Tech board member met again with Winehouse and asked that Winehouse and his
group accept registration of the common stock into which their preferred was convertible over a period of twelve months rather than
insisting that it be registered immediately. Winehouse again refused and said that he would continue to sell short.
Nu-Tech common stock dropped approximately $6 per share over the next two days. On March 14, 1997, the company issued a press
release which stated that the price decline could be attributed to "possible sales by shareholders." No mention was made of the
discussions between Nu-Tech and Winehouse, allegedly to avoid disrupting Nu-Tech's efforts to acquire Physicians Clinical Laboratory,
Inc. ("PCL") out of bankruptcy.
A few days later, Gurary was approached through an intermediary and spoke with Winehouse, who allegedly admitted to him that he
deliberately had shorted the stock to drive the price down, said that he intended to continue, and advised Gurary to sell his shares
because the price would drop to "a dollar."
Proceedings Below
Plaintiff commenced this action against Nu-Tech and Winehouse on May 23, 1997. The complaint contains three relevant claims for relief.
5 The first charges Winehouse with manipulation of Nu-Tech's common stock in violation of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C.
§ 78j, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, 17 C.F.R.§ 240.10b-5, by the purchase of the convertible preferred and the shorting of the common. 6
The second claim is against Nu-Tech and charges a 10b-5 violation in that Nu-Tech, motivated by a desire to avoid having Winehouse
and other short sellers object to its effort to acquire certain debt securities of PCL in a transaction requiring bankruptcy court approval,
"failed to reveal the sale to Winehouse and his group through the use of nominees, that there were meetings going on between
Winehouse and his group and Nu-Tech; that Nu-Tech was aware of the short-selling by Winehouse and his group; [and] that Nu-Tech
would refuse to register certain stocks due to the short-selling activities of Winehouse and his group . . ." In addition, it charges that
Nu-Tech's March 14, 1997 press release was misleading for failure to disclose Winehouse's short sales and the discussions between
Nu-Tech and Winehouse. The third claim for relief alternatively seeks recovery from both defendants under Section 349 of the New York
General Business Law.
Both defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Gurary opposed the
motions and submitted a nine page affidavit in which he recounted his conversations with Messrs. Feigenbaum and Winehouse in greater
detail than was included in the complaint. His attorney also submitted an argumentative affidavit that claimed no personal knowledge of
anything relevant to the case, but that suggested that Winehouse had violated Section 5 of the Securities Act, 15 U.S.C. § 77e.
In disposing of the motions, Judge Stanton specifically relied upon Gurary's affidavit, thus converting them into motions for summary
judgment pursuant to Rule 12(b). He noted that the case was based on four purchases of Nu-Tech common stock by Gurary, two of
which preceded the alleged commencement of the short selling and the other two of which were made after Gurary learned of the short
sales from Feigenbaum. He therefore dismissed the Rule 10b-5 claim against Winehouse with respect the first pair of purchases on the
ground that Winehouse's allegedly manipulative short sales were not made "in connection with" those purchases. He dismissed the
10b-5 claim based on the second pair of purchases on the ground that plaintiff's knowledge of the facts defeated any claim "of reliance
upon any but the true picture." He dismissed the Rule 10b-5 claim against Nu-Tech because the complaint failed to allege that any of
Feigenbaum's statements to plaintiff was false when made. Having held the federal claims insufficient, Judge Stanton dismissed the state
law claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Judgment was entered accordingly.
Plaintiff appeals from the judgment. Nu-Tech cross-appeals insofar as the district court failed to grant sanctions against plaintiff pursuant
to the PSLRA, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4 et seq.
II
Plaintiff argues first that the district court erred by considering his own affidavit and thus converting the motions into motions for summary
judgment. Having done so, he contends, the court erred further by deciding them without giving the plaintiff an opportunity to conduct
discovery.
Conversion of the Motion
Rule 12(b) provides in relevant part:
"If, on a motion asserting the defense numbered (6) to dismiss for a failure of the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary
judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made
pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56."
We frequently have held that a district court ordinarily must give notice to the parties before converting a motion to dismiss pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6) into one for summary judgment and considering matters outside the pleading. E.g., Kopec v. Coghlin, 922 F.2d 152, 154-55
(2d Cir. 1991). This is simply an application, however, of the principle that parties are entitled to a reasonable opportunity to present
material pertinent to a summary judgment motion. Hence, "[c]ompliance . . . is not an end in itself. * * * The essential inquiry is whether
the appellant should reasonably have recognized the possibility that the motion might be converted into one for summary judgment or was
taken by surprise and deprived of reasonable opportunity to meet facts outside the pleadings." In re G. & A. Books, Inc., 770 F.2d 288,
295 (2d Cir. 1985), cert. denied sub nom. M.J.M. Exhibitors, Inc. v. Stern, 475 U.S. 1015 (1986).
In this case, it was plaintiff who submitted the affidavit relied upon by the district court and who thus invited Judge Stanton to rely not only
on the complaint, but upon the more elaborate explication of plaintiff's grievance contained in his affidavit. He certainly cannot be heard to
claim that he was surprised when the district court accepted his invitation. Indeed, the district court arguably would have erred in declining
to do so. See Freeman v. Marine Midland Bank, 494 F.2d 1334, 1338-39 (2d Cir. 1974) (error to disregard affidavits submitted by plaintiff
in opposition to a motion to dismiss). In consequence, the motions properly were converted.
Rule 56(f)
Plaintiff's claim that the court below erred in deciding the motions without giving him an opportunity to conduct discovery also lacks merit.
Rule 56(f) provides:
"Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the party cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts
essential to justify the party's opposition [to a motion for summary judgment], the court may refuse the application for judgment or may
order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other
order as is just."
Thus, as we often have said, a party resisting summary judgment on the ground that it needs discovery in order to defeat the motion must
submit an affidavit showing "'(1) what facts are sought [to resist the motion] and how they are to be obtained, (2) how those facts are
reasonably expected to create a genuine issue of material fact, (3) what effort affiant has made to obtain them, and (4) why the affiant
was unsuccessful in those efforts.'" Meloff v. New York Life Ins. Co., 51 F.3d 372, 375 (2d Cir. 1995) (quoting Hudson River Sloop
Clearwater, Inc. v. Department of Navy, 891 F.2d 414, 422 (2d Cir. 1989)); accord, Paddington Partners v. Bouchard, 34 F.3d 1132,
1137-38 (2d Cir. 1994); Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corp. v. Esprit De Corp., 769 F.2d 919, 926 (2d Cir. 1985). Indeed, the
failure to file such an affidavit is fatal to a claim such as plaintiff makes here even if the party resisting the motion for summary judgment
alluded to a claimed need for discovery in a memorandum of law. Paddington Partners, 34 F.3d at 1137.
The affidavits plaintiff submitted in the district court did not contend that any discovery was required to meet the defendants' motions, let
alone satisfy the test articulated most recently in Meloff. Indeed, plaintiff did not even hint below at any need for discovery in order to resist
defendants' motions. In consequence, the court below plainly did not err in passing on the merits of the motions in the absence of any
discovery.
III
Plaintiff's attack on the dismissal of his Rule 10b-5 claim against Nu-Tech is limited to the claim that he was deceived in making his
December 24, 1996 and February 18, 1997 purchases because he relied upon Feigenbaum's declarations that Nu-Tech would not
register the common into which the Winehouse group's preferred was convertible and that this should or would stop it from selling the
common short. 7 But this argument too is without merit.
To begin with, this theory is not the basis of the Rule 10b-5 claim against Nu-Tech set forth in the complaint and in Gurary's affidavits,
which in essence was that Nu-Tech had failed to disclose what it knew of Winehouse's activities. While the papers described Gurary's
alleged conversations with Feigenbaum, the articulated grievance against Nu-Tech was its alleged concealment of the short-selling
activities, allegedly in order to protect its efforts to buy PCL. Having failed to make the present argument to the district court, plaintiff will
not be heard to advance it here. E.g., Mycak v. Honeywell, 953 F.2d 798, 803 (2d Cir. 1992); Schmidt v. Polish People's Republic, 742
F.2d 67, 70 (2d Cir. 1984). Even if the argument were properly before us, however, it would lack merit.
It is important to recognize that plaintiff's contention with respect to his pivotal conversations with Feigenbaum is that Feigenbaum
allegedly stated that Nu-Tech would block the registration of the common. He spoke in the future tense. The statements therefore were
ones of intention or of a promissory nature.
In order to state a claim under Rule 10b-5, the plaintiff must "allege material misstatements or omissions indicating an intent to deceive or
defraud in connection with the purchase or sale of a security." Luce v. Edelstein, 802 F.2d 49, 55 (2d Cir. 1986) (citing Ernst & Ernst v.
Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185 (1976)). "The failure to carry out a promise made in connection with a securities transaction is normally a
breach of contract. It does not constitute fraud unless, when the promise was made, the defendant secretly intended not to perform or
knew than he could not perform." Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1176 (2d Cir. 1993).
Here, there is no suggestion in the complaint or in Gurary's affidavit that Feigenbaum did not intend to do just what he promised at the
times he made the statements to which Gurary now points. In consequence, the claim now advanced against Nu-Tech is fundamentally
flawed. The complaint was properly dismissed against the corporate defendant.
IV
We come now to the manipulation claim against Winehouse.
The Final Purchases
Plaintiff's last two purchases of Nu-Tech shares, which occurred on December 24, 1996 and February 18, 1997, are readily disposed of.
He made each just after speaking with Feigenbaum concerning Winehouse's short selling and having been told that Nu-Tech would
refuse to register the common into which Winehouse's preferred was convertible, thus preventing him from covering his short position
with newly issued common and thereby perhaps deterring further short selling. In consequence, Gurary made each of these purchases in
the belief that the prices he paid reflected Winehouse's allegedly manipulative activities.
The gravamen of manipulation is deception of investors into believing that prices at which they purchase and sell securities are
determined by the natural interplay of supply and demand, not rigged by manipulators. Schreiber v. Burlington Northern, Inc., 472 U.S. 1,
12 (1985). In order to make out a 10b-5 claim, moreover, the plaintiff must allege and prove, among other elements, reliance. E.g., Acito
v. IMCERA Group, Inc., 47 F.3d 47, 52 (2d Cir. 1995). In consequence, a private plaintiff in such a case must establish that he or she
engaged in a securities trade in ignorance of the fact that the price was affected by the alleged manipulation. See Ray v. Lehman
Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Inc., 624 F. Supp. 16, 19 (N.D. Ga. 1984) (plaintiff in § 9(e) manipulation case must show reliance on false
appearance of actual or apparent trading). By plaintiff's own admission, this requirement is not satisfied with respect to these two
purchases. Judge Stanton therefore correctly dismissed his claim based upon them.
The Initial Purchases
Plaintiff's initial purchases of Nu-Tech shares were made on October 31 and November 7, 1996. The alleged manipulation is said to have
begun "following [the Winehouse group's] acquisition of a large part of the . . . Series A Convertible Preferred . . ." (Cpt ¶ 24)
The district court's dismissal of the claim based on the first purchase was correct. Gurary concedes that the alleged manipulation did not
begin until at least November 6, 1996. In order to make out a claim under Rule 10b-5, however, the plaintiff must allege culpable deception
"in connection with the purchase or sale of a security . . ." E.g., Acito, 47 F.3d at 52. Quite clearly, any deception inherent in the execution
of a manipulative scheme beginning on or after November 6 was not "in connection with" plaintiff's purchase on October 31. See, e.g.,
Samuel M. Feinberg Testamentary Trust v. Carter, 652 F. Supp. 1066, 1080 (S.D.N.Y. 1987).
The matter is not so clear with respect to the second purchase. The complaint alleges that the "initial issue date" of the preferred was
November 6, 1996 (Cpt ¶ 21), the day prior to plaintiff's second purchase. In consequence, if one were to assume that the Winehouse
group acquired its preferred stock on November 6 and, as the complaint alleges, that the manipulation began "following the acquisition" of
the preferred, the November 7 purchase might have been made at the very start of the alleged manipulation. Plaintiff therefore argues that
the district court erred in dismissing his claim based on the second purchase because there was an issue of fact as to whether the
alleged manipulation began after the second purchase. But this contention is insufficient to save the complaint. Viewing the complaint in
the light most favorable to plaintiff, he alleges that the scheme to depress the stock began on the day prior to or the very day of the
plaintiff's November 7 purchase. The price at which plaintiff purchased on that date, he alleges, was $15.50 - 90 cents per share or 6.2
percent higher than his previous purchase, which concededly antedated the start of the attempt to drive the stock down. But we need not
assume that the price plaintiff paid on November 7 was not affected by any short selling, likely as that seems, as the very fact that Gurary
was a buyer in a market allegedly depressed by a manipulative scheme is an insurmountable obstacle to his claim based on that
purchase.
If Winehouse actually did depress the price of the shares on November 7, plaintiff benefitted from that price decline by purchasing at a
lower price than he otherwise would have paid. As a general matter, a defrauded buyer is entitled under Rule 10b-5 to recover "only the
excess of what he paid over the value of what he got." Levine v. Seilon, Inc., 439 F.2d 328, 334 (2d Cir. 1971) (Friendly, J.); accord, e.g.,
Elkind v. Liggett & Myers, Inc., 635 F.2d 156, 168 (2d Cir. 1980). 8 Where, as here, a buyer pays less for a security by reason of a
defendant's fraud or manipulation, there is no excess of price over value, so the buyer may not recover. Indeed, that is no more than a
common sense application of Section 28(a) of the Exchange Act, which provides that "no person permitted to maintain a suit for damages
under the provisions of this chapter shall recover . . . a total amount in excess of his actual damages on account of the act complained
of." 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(a). Moreover, it would be anomalous indeed to permit a plaintiff to recover damages where the characteristic that
made the conduct complained of unlawful, here the allegedly artificial depression of the price, worked to plaintiff's benefit. See Brunswick
Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429 U.S. 477 (1977) (plaintiff claiming injury caused by enhanced competition resulting from merger
lacked standing to sue for damages on theory that merger violated antitrust laws because alleged injury not caused by that which
allegedly rendered merger unlawful). 9
V
Finally, we turn to Nu-Tech's cross-appeal from the denial of its motion for sanctions pursuant to Section 21D of the Exchange Act, as
added and amended by the PSLRA, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4.
Section 21D(c)(1), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(c)(1), provides in relevant part that, upon final adjudication of any private action arising under the
Exchange Act, "the court shall include in the record specific findings regarding compliance by each party and each attorney representing
any party with each requirement of Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as to any complaint, responsive pleading, or
dispositive motion." If the court finds such a violation, "the court shall impose sanctions," although only after giving the party or attorney
involved notice and an opportunity to respond. Id. § 78(c)(2).
In this case, Nu-Tech moved for the imposition of sanctions pursuant to this statute. Although the judgment implicitly denied Nu-Tech's
motion, the district court made no findings regarding compliance with Rule 11(b). As the statute required the district court to make
findings, we have no choice but to remand in order to permit it to do so.
VI
The judgment appealed from is affirmed insofar as it granted summary judgment dismissing the complaint 10 but vacated insofar as it
denied Nu-Tech's motion for sanctions. The case is remanded with respect to sanctions for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
---- Begin EndNotes ----
*
Honorable Lewis A. Kaplan, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
1
The complaint alleges that the initial issue date was November 6, 1996. A registration statement for a subsequent sale of common stock states that the
placement was completed on December 2, 1996.
2
In addition, Nu-Tech had the right to force conversion commencing 270 days following the completion of the private placement.
3
For example, if the common continued to trade at its preconversion price, but at any price below $23.33, the preferred shareholder would
gain a constant $333.33 per share by converting and selling the newly issued common.
4
The conversion price of the lower of $17.50 or 75 percent of the trading price of the common meant that the number of shares into which each share of
preferred was convertible could not fall below 57.14.
5
The fourth claim for relief sought a preliminary injunction barring Nu-Tech from registering the convertible preferred pending the determination of the action.
Plaintiff, however, never moved for a preliminary injunction. Moreover, the complaint alleges that the convertible preferred was issued in December 1996 in
a private placement subject to Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq. (the "Securities Act"). In consequence, the
issuance of the convertible preferred was exempt from registration. 15 U.S.C. § 77d(2); 17 C.F.R. §§ 230.501-08 (1998).
6
It charges also that "the defendants made numerous misstatements of material facts and omissions to state material facts necessary in order to make
statements not misleading." As it does not identify any such misstatements or omissions in the first claim for relief, this aspect of the complaint fails to
comply with FED. R. CIV. P. 9(b) and may be disregarded.
7
Appellant's Brief ("App. Br.") 29-30. He thus has abandoned any other claims against Nu-Tech, including the contention that the March 14, 1997 press
release was misleading.
8
To the extent that it suggested that a defrauded buyer never may recover on a benefit-of-the-bargain theory, Levine was dictum. See e.g.,
McMahan & Co. v. Wherehouse Entertainment, Inc., 65 F.3d 1044, 1048 (2d Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1190 (1996); Commercial Union Assur. Co.
v. Milken, 17 F.3d 608, 614-15 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 873 (1994); Barrows v. Forest Labs., Inc., 742 F.2d 54, 59-60 (2d Cir. 1984); Osofsky v.
Zipf, 645 F.2d 107, 111-12 (2d Cir. 1981). That qualification, however, has no bearing in this case.
9 |
