Speaking of: Senate Select Intelligence Committee and : Hizbullah secretary general Hassan Nasrallah
(Note: Hezbollah and Hizbullah produce different items while searching....same thing, but spelled differently)
washingtoninstitute.org
TESTIMONY OF MATTHEW A. LEVITT
SENIOR FELLOW IN TERRORISM STUDIES, THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY
BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE MIDDLE EAST AND SOUTH ASIA, UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
"Syrian Sponsorship of Global Terrorism:
The Need for Accountability"
September 18, 2002
Long article, but well worth reading...
The footnotes alone are worth seeing and reviewing...
Conclusion
Inducing Syria to abandon its support for terrorism through financial, diplomatic, or even military pressure will not be easy, even if such measures are coupled with face-saving gestures. Nevertheless, it is essential that the United States follow through on its declared policy of zero tolerance for state sponsorship of terrorism. U.S. officials have stated unequivocally that such sponsorship must end, and that the organizations supported by Syria are terrorist groups of "global reach." History shows that an even greater risk to U.S. interests will emerge if Washington fails to live up to its word; such a failure will ensure that future pleas to end terror become diplomatic background noise.
Endnotes
1 Syria's illicit oil trade with Iraq best exemplifies the ever-warming relationship between the regimes of Bashar al-Assad and Saddam Hussein. The 150,000-barrel-per-day Syrian pipeline into which the illicit Iraqi oil is pumped earns each country around $1.1 billion a year. Assad reportedly promised Secretary of State Colin Powell several times during their meeting in February 2001 that he would register the Iraqi oil under the UN's oil-for-food program; nevertheless, Syria has continued to pump the oil illicitly, undermining UN Security Council Resolution 1382 even as Syria assumed a seat on that council on January 1, 2002.
1 Iran, Iraq, Libya and Sudan are all subject to additional sanctions such as the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), the Helms-Burton Act, the Cuban Democracy Act, the Trade Sanctions and Export Enhancement Act, the Trading with the Enemy Act, the Arms Export Control Act, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, and more. For a complete listing of the U.S. Treasury Department's sanctions programs and country summaries, see treas.gov
2 Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People, which can be found at whitehouse.gov
3 At menewsline.com
4 NA, "A Tap from Uncle Sam on Bashar's Shoulder", Ha'aretz Daily, January 2, 2002
5 Steven Erlanger, "Germans Say Figure Linked to Sept. 11 is in Syria Jail," The New York Times, June 19, 2002; Peter Finn, "Syria Interrogating al Qaeda Recruiter," The Washington Post, June 19, 2002. Zammar is not the only senior al Qaeda operative of Syrian origin. Others include Mamoun Dakazanli (whose import-export businesses were fronts for terrorist financing), Mohammed Galeb Kalaje Zouaydi (an al Qaeda financier liked to al Qaeda cells in Madrid, Hamburg and Milan), Kamal Hadid Chaar, Ghasoub al Abrash Ghayloun, Abdalrahman Alarnaot Abu Aljer, Mohamen Khair al Saqq, Mostafa Abdel Kader Miriam, and Abdul Matin Tatari (whose companies are suspected of serving as a front for a network that supplied false documents, laundered money, and smuggled terrorists from country to country).
6 Douglas Frantz, "Sharing Informaiton: Learning to Spy with Allies," The Washington Post, September 8, 2002
7 Neil MacFarquhar, "A Nation Challenged: Damascus; Syria Repackages Its Repression of Muslim Militants as Antiterror Lesson," The New York Times, January 14, 2002, P. A8 arabicnews.com, Oct. 29, 2001, at arabicnews.com
8 Peter Finn, "German Officials Link Hijackers To Al Qaeda Group", The Washington Post, September 27, 2001, P. A1
9 Herb Keinon, "Arms Flow to Hizbullah via Syria Slows," The Jerusalem Post, December 31, 2001
10 Howard Schneider, "Syria Evolves as Anti-Terror Ally," The Washington Post, July 25, 2002
11 "President Bush Calls for New Palestinian Leadership," at whitehouse.gov
12 NA, "Syria Stands by Hezbollah," BBC News Online, July 1, 2002
13 Patterns of Global Terrorism 2001 at state.gov.
14 Issam Hamza, "Syrian Defense Chief Meets PLO Guerrilla Leader," Reuters, May 21, 2001
15 "A May 2002 Interview with Hamas Comander of the Al Qassam Brigades," Special Dispatch - Palestinian Authority/Jihad and Terrorist Studies, No 403, The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), July 24, 2002, at www.MEMRI.org
16 Zeev Schiff, "Sources Say Syria Pushing Hamas to Renew Attacks," Haaretz, May 20, 2002
17 Amos Harel, "Shin Bet Arrests more than Twenty Hamas Activists," Canadian Jewish News," October 4, 2001
18 "US Deputy Secretary of State: Hizbalah - "A Team of Terrorism," www.Albawaba.com, September 6, 2002; "Hizballah Says Will Defend Lebanon from US Threats," Reuters, September 6, 2002
19 Zeev Schiff, "Don't Underestimate Assad Jr.," Haaretz, August 2, 2002
20 Jack Katzenell, "Barak Signs Six Month Detention Order Against Lebanese Suspect," AP Worldstream, February 21, 2001
21 NA, "IDF abducts Force 17 Member in Gaza, Arrests 4 Hamas activists," Ha'aretz Daily, January 2, 2002
22 Lenny Ben-David, "Iran, Syria and Hizballah: Threatening Israel's North," Jerusalem Issue Brief, vol 2, no 3, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, July 18, 2002
23 Lenny Ben-David, "Iran, Syria and Hizballah: Threatening Israel's North," Jerusalem Issue Brief, vol 2, no 3, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, July 18, 2002
24 Lenny Ben-David, "Iran, Syria and Hizballah: Threatening Israel's North," Jerusalem Issue Brief, vol 2, no 3, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, July 18, 2002
25 NA, "Israel Arrests Arabs Spying for Lebanese Groups," The Daily Star (Beirut), August 6, 2002
26 Dina Kraft, "Seven Israeli Arabs Charged with Spying for Lebanese Guerillas," AP Worldstream, November 29, 2000
27 NA, "Israel Annouces the Arrest of Two Syrians in the Golan," Al Sharq Al Awsat, August 8, 2002
28 John Kifner, "Jordan, Holding off a Neighbor's Wildfire, Plays Down an Arms-Smuggling Case," The New York Times, March 22, 2002
29 NA, "Three Islamists tried in Jordan deny planning anti-Israeli Attacks, AFP, December 24, 2001
30 NA, "Jordan Arrests Three Armed Men Who Tried to Infiltrate Israel," AFP, July 21, 2001
31 Prime Minister's Media Advisor, "ISA Uncovers Golan Weapons Infiltration," Office of the Prime Minister of Israel, January 9, 2002
32 Nicholas Blanford, "Emboldened By US Jibes, Hizbullah Prepares For War", The Christian Science Monitor, February 8, 2002
33 Nicholas Blanford, "Emboldened By US Jibes, Hizbullah Prepares For War", The Christian Science Monitor, February 8, 2002
34 NA, "Bloody Irony in Syria's Security Council Presidency," The Houston Chronicle, June 18, 2002
35 Herb Keinon, David Rudge and Melissa Radler, "Peres: Syria to Blame for Attack," The Jerusalem Post, June 7, 2002
36 NA, "Arrest of a Leader Islamic Jihad Operative," IDF Spokesperson Press Release, June 20, 2002, at www.imra.org
37 NA, "Jenin, the Capital of the Palestinina Suicide Terrorists," Israel Defense Forces, April 18, 2002, Appendix C: Characteristics of Two Arch-Terrorists from the Jenin Area Captured by the IDF, at idf.il
38 NA, "The Cooperation Between Fatah and the PA Security Apparatuses with PIJ and Hamas in the Jenin Area," Israel Defense Forces, April 9, 2002, at idf.il
39 NA, "The Cooperation Between Fatah and the PA Security Apparatuses with PIJ and Hamas in the Jenin Area," Israel Defense Forces, April 9, 2002, at idf.il
40 Daniel Sobelman, "Jordan to Indict 18 on Terror-linked Charges," Ha'aretz Daily, February 7, 2002
41 Janine Zacharia, "Terrorist Camps in Lebanon, Syria Bigger Threat to U.S. Than Iraq," The Jerusalem Post, July 8, 2002
42 Khaled Abu Toameh, "New Fatah Groups Controlled by PLO Dissident in Lebanon," The Jerusalem Post, August 26, 2002
43 Dan Grushkin, "Palestinian Gunmen Kill Six in Ambush on Israeli Army Checkpoint," Agence France Presse, February 19, 2002; NA "Eight People Die as Mideast Violence Continues Unabated," Agence France Presse, February 27, 2002
44 Khaled Abu Toameh, "New Fatah Groups Controlled by PLO Dissident in Lebanon," The Jerusalem Post, August 26, 2002
45 Hugh Dellios, "Six Get Death in Jordan Terrorism Plot," Chicago Tribune, September 19, 2000
46 Khaled Abu Toameh, "New Fatah Groups Controlled by PLO Dissident in Lebanon," The Jerusalem Post, August 26, 2002
47 Khaled Abu Toameh, "New Fatah Groups Controlled by PLO Dissident in Lebanon," The Jerusalem Post, August 26, 2002
48 NA, "PLO Bids to Win Back Refugee Support," Agence France-Presse, July 5, 1994; Muntasser Abdallah, "Iran Pours Thousands of Dollars in Lebanon's Palestinian Camps," Agence France-Presse, June 21, 2002
49 NA, "Senior Fatah Militant in Lebanon Directed and Financed Serious Terror Attacks in Territories and Israel," Press Release Communicated by Israeli Prime Minister's Media Advisor, May 26, 2002, at imra.org.il
50 NA, "Senior Fatah Militant in Lebanon Directed and Financed Serious Terror Attacks in Territories and Israel," Press Release Communicated by Israeli Prime Minister's Media Advisor, May 26, 2002, at imra.org.il
51 NA, "The Link Between the Palestinian Authority and Terrorist Activity," Press Release from IDF Spokesman, April 26, 2002, at imra.org.il
52 NA, "Iran Establishes Rocket Training Centers in Lebanon," Middle East Newsline, August 8, 2002
53 NA, "Iran Establishes Rocket Training Centers in Lebanon," Middle East Newsline, August 8, 2002
54 Nicholas Blanford, "Report Claims Iran Running Bekaa Training Camp," Daily Star (Beirut), August 13, 2002 (the article also appeared in Arabic in the Beirut daily An Nahar, August 13, 2002)
55 Nicholas Blanford, "Report Claims Iran Running Bekaa Training Camp," Daily Star (Beirut), August 13, 2002 (the article also appeared in Arabic in the Beirut daily An Nahar, August 13, 2002)
56 John Cloud, Bruce Crumley, Helen Gibson, Scott MacLeod, Matt Rees, Elaine Shannon, "What Is Al-Qaeda Without Its Boss? The Answer: No Matter What Happens to Bin Laden, the Group Still Has Many Tentacles," Time, November 26, 2001, P.50
57 Zeev Schiff, "Syria has allowed hundreds of Qaida men to settle in Lebanon," Haaretz, September 2, 2002
58 Dana Priest and Douglas Farah, "Terror Alliance Has U.S. Worried; Hezbollah, al Qaeda Seen Joining Forces," The Washington Post, June 30, 2002
59 Dana Priest and Douglas Farah, "Terror Alliance Has U.S. Worried; Hezbollah, al Qaeda Seen Joining Forces," The Washington Post, June 30, 2002
60 Suan Schmidt and Dana Priest, "U.S. Fears Low-Level al Qaeda Attacks," The Washington Post, September 9, 2002
61 Suan Schmidt and Dana Priest, "U.S. Fears Low-Level al Qaeda Attacks," The Washington Post, September 9, 2002
62 NA, "Tense Situation Between Hamas and Fatah in Lebanon after Fifth Ayn al Hilweh Bombing," Al Sharq Al Awsat, August 7, 2002; Nicholas Blanford, "Islamic Insurgents Stage Last Stand in Ain al-Hilweh," The Daily Star (Beirut), August 14, 2002
63 NA, "Al Qaida, Fatah Clash in Lebanon," Middle East Newsline, August 14, 2002
64 NA, "Tiff between Hizballah and Amal leads to open fire in the South Beirut," Al Hayat, 08-23-02
65 Frederic Bothorel, "Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah, Leader of Hizballah: 'Arafat is not the Legitimate Representative of the Palestinian People," El Mundo (Madrid), December 18, 2001
66 See Dany Shoham, "Poisoned Missiles: Syria's Doomsday Deterrent: All weaponized and some place to go," Middle East Quarterly, Vol IX, No 4, Fall 2002 and Dany Shoham "Guile, Gas, and Germs: Syria's Ultimate Weapons: They built them on the sly, with help from the West," Middle East Quarterly, Vol IX, No 3, Summer 2002; See globalsecurity.org for commercial satellite photos of Syria's Al Safir SCUD Base and Chemical Weapons Depot.
67 "President Bush Calls for New Palestinian Leadership," at whitehouse.gov
68 Nicholas Blanford, "Syria Worries US Won't Stop at Iraq," The Christian Science Monitor, September 9, 2002
69 For a review of some of these options, see Matthew Levitt, "Syria and the War on Terrorism: A Post 9-11 Assessment," PolicyWatch numbers 595 and 596, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, January 2002, at www.washingtoninstitute.org
70 President Bush, remarks to troops and families, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, Nov. 21, 2001, at whitehouse.gov.
71 President George Bush, remarks to the United Nations General Assembly, Nov. 10, 2001, at whitehouse.gov.
72 Gareth Smyth, "Challenge to Syria Gets Dusty Answer in Damscus," Financial Times, June 26, 2002
73 BEIRUT, Lebanon, Sept. 11 (SANA-Official Syrian News Agency), at sana.org
74 Zeev Schiff, "Syria Buys Arms for Iraq in Eastern Europe," Haaretz, July 15, 2002
75 "Syrian Grand Mufti Publicly Endorses Suicide Attacks," Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, vol 3, no 9, September 2001 |
