A Patriotic Left
by Michael Kazin
I love my country. I love its passionate and endlessly inventive culture, its remarkably diverse
landscape, its agonizing and wonderful history. I particularly cherish its civic ideals-social
equality, individual liberty, a populist democracy-and the unending struggle to put their laudable,
if often contradictory, claims into practice. I realize that patriotism, like any powerful ideology, is
a "construction" with multiple uses, some of which I abhor. But I persist in drawing stimulation
and pride from my American identity.
Regrettably, this is not a popular sentiment on the contemporary left. Antiwar activists view
patriotism as a smokescreen for U.S. hegemony, while radical academics mock the notion of
"American exceptionalism" as a relic of the cold war, a triumphal myth we should quickly outgrow.
All the rallying around the flag after September 11 increased the disdain many leftists feel for the
sentiment that lies behind it. "The globe, not the flag, is the symbol that's wanted now," scolded
Katha Pollitt in the Nation. Noam Chomsky described patriotic blather as simply the governing
elite's way of telling its subjects, "You shut up and be obedient, and I'll relentlessly advance my
own interests."
Both views betray an ignorance of American history, as well as a quixotic desire to leap from a
distasteful present to a gauzy future liberated from the fetters of nationalism. Love of country
was a demotic faith long before September 11, a fact that previous lefts understood and
attempted to turn to their advantage. In the United States, Karl Marx's dictum that the workers
have no country has been refuted time and again. It has been not wage earners but the upper
classes-from New England gentry on the Grand Tour a century ago to globe-trotting executives
and cybertech professionals today-who view America with an ambivalent shrug, reminiscent of
Gertrude Stein's line, "America is my country, Paris is my hometown."
One can, like Pollitt and Chomsky, curse as jingoistic all those "United We Stand" and "God Bless
America" signs and hope somehow to transcend patriotism in the name of global harmony. Or one
can empathize with the communal spirit that animates them, embracing the ideals of the nation
and learning from past efforts to put them into practice in the service of far-reaching reform.
An earlier version of American patriotism was a forerunner of the modern genre: pride in the first
nation organized around a set of social beliefs rather than a shared geography and history. In its
novelty, Americanism gave citizens of the new republic both a way to understand and to stand
for purposes that transcended their self-interest. Of course, these purposes were not always
noble ones. As historian Gary Gerstle points out in his recent book American Crucible, "racial
nationalism" dominated much of American life through the nineteenth century and into the early
decades of the twentieth. It led some white Americans to justify exterminating Indians, others to
hold slaves, and still others to bar immigrants who did not possess "Anglo-Saxon" genes. But the
tolerant alternative, which Gerstle calls "civic nationalism," also inspired many Americans in the
modern era to help liberate Europe from fascism and Stalinism and to organize at home for social
and economic justice.
For American leftists, patriotism was indispensable. It made their dissent and rebellion intelligible
to their fellow citizens-and located them within the national narrative, fighting to shape a
common future. Tom Paine praised his adopted homeland as an "asylum for mankind"-which gave
him a forum to denounce regressive taxes and propose free public education. Elizabeth Cady
Stanton issued a "Woman's Declaration of Rights" on the centennial of the Declaration of
Independence and argued that denying the vote to women was a violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment. Union activists in the Gilded Age such as Eugene Debs and Mother Jones accused
employers of crushing the individuality and self-respect of workers. When Debs became a
socialist, he described his new vision in the American idiom, as "the equal rights of all to manage
and control" society. Half a century later, Martin Luther King, Jr., told his fellow bus boycotters,
"If we are wrong-the Supreme Court of this nation is wrong" and proclaimed that "the great glory
of American democracy is the right to protest for right."
One could easily list analogous statements from such pioneering reformers as Jane Addams and
Betty Friedan, unionists Sidney Hillman and Cesar Chavez, and the gay liberationist Harvey Milk.
Without patriotic appeals, the great social movements that attacked inequalities of class, gender,
and race in the United States-and spread their messianic rhetoric around the world-would never
have gotten off the ground.
Even slavery couldn't extinguish the promise radicals found in the American creed. On
Independence Day, 1852, Frederick Douglass gave an angry, eloquent address that asked, "What
to the slave is the Fourth of July?" Every account quotes the fugitive-turned-abolitionist speaking
truth to white power: "Your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty, an unholy license; your
national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your
denunciations of tyrants, brass fronted impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow
mockery." But fewer commentators note that when, at the end of his speech, Douglass predicted
slavery's demise, he drew his "encouragement from the Declaration of Independence, the great
principles it contains, and the genius of American Institutions," as well as from a spirit of
enlightenment that he believed was growing on both sides of the Atlantic. After emancipation,
Douglass never stopped condemning the hypocrisy of white Americans- or continuing to base his
hopes for equality on traditions he and they held in common.
A self-critical conception of patriotism also led Americans on the left to oppose their leaders'
aggressive policies abroad. Anti-imperialists opposed the conquest of the Philippines after the war
of 1898 by comparing President William McKinley to King George III. Foes of U.S. intervention in
World War I demanded to know why Americans should die to defend European monarchs and their
colonies in Africa and Asia. In 1917, a mass movement led by socialists and pacifists called for a
popular referendum on the question of going to war. Neither group of resisters succeeded at the
time, but each gained a mass hearing and saw its arguments incorporated into future policies.
Congress promised independence to the Philippines sooner than colonial officials favored. And,
challenged by such antiwar voices as Debs, Robert LaFollette, and William Jennings Bryan,
Woodrow Wilson proclaimed national self-determination to be the core principle of a new world
order.
A good deal that we cherish about contemporary America was thus accomplished by social
movements of the left, speaking out for national ideals. It may be, as the idiosyncratic Trotskyist
Leon Samson argued in 1935, that Americanism served as a substitute for socialism, an ideology
of self-emancipation through equal opportunity that inoculated most citizens against the
class-conscious alternative. But leftists made what progress they did by demanding that the
nation live up to its stated principles, rather than dismissing them as fatally compromised by the
racism of the founders or the abusiveness of flag-waving vigilantes. After all, hope is always more
attractive than cynicism, and the gap between promise and fulfillment is narrower for
Americanism than it is for other universalist creeds such as communism, Christianity, and Islam.
It's difficult to think of any radical or reformer who repudiated the national belief system and still
had a major impact on U.S. politics and policy. The movement against the Vietnam War did
include activists who preferred the Vietcong's flag to the American one. But the antiwar
insurgency grew powerful only toward the end of the 1960s, when it drew in people who looked
for leadership to liberal patriots such as King, Walter Reuther, and Eugene McCarthy rather than
to Abbie Hoffman and the Weathermen.
Perhaps one exception to this rule was Malcolm X, who stated, in 1964, that he was a "victim of
Americanism" who could see no "American dream," only "an American nightmare." But Malcolm was
primarily a spokesman for black anger and pride, not a builder of movements or a catalyst of
reforms to benefit his people.
He was, however, a prophetic figure. Soon after Malcolm's death, many on the left, of all races,
began to scorn patriotic talk and, instead, to celebrate ethnic and sexual differences. In 1970,
writer Julius Lester observed, "American radicals are perhaps the first radicals anywhere who
have sought to make a revolution in a country which they hate." At the time, there were
certainly ample reasons to consider Americanism a brutal sham. After World War II, the word
itself became the property of the American Legion, the House Un-American Activities Committee,
and the FBI. In the 1960s, liberal presidents bullied their way into Indochina in the name of what
Lyndon Johnson called "the principle for which our ancestors fought in the valleys of
Pennsylvania." Fierce love for one's identity group-whether black, Latino, Asian, Native American,
or gay or lesbian-seemed morally superior to the master narrative that had justified war abroad
and racial exclusion at home.
Yet the history of the last thirty years has also exposed the outsized flaw in such thinking.
Having abandoned patriotism, the left lost the ability to pose convincing alternatives for the
nation as a whole. It could take credit for spearheading a multicultural, gender-aware revision of
the humanities curriculum, but the right set the political agenda, and it did so in part because its
partisans spoke forcefully in the name of American principles that knit together disparate
groups-anti-union businesspeople, white evangelicals, Jewish neoconservatives-for mutual ends.
In the face of such evidence, many leftists would respond that civic idealism should not be
confined within national borders. In a provocative 1994 essay, philosopher Martha Nussbaum
argued that patriotism is "morally dangerous" because it encourages Americans to focus on their
own concerns and minimize or disregard those of people in other lands. "We should regard our
deliberations," she wrote, "as, first and foremost, deliberations about human problems of people in
particular concrete situations, not problems growing out of a national identity that is altogether
unlike that of others." Echoing her words, activists and intellectuals talk of challenging global
exploitation with some form of global citizenship.
As an ethicist, Nussbaum is certainly on solid ground. Americans ought to take a massacre in
Africa as seriously as one that takes place in lower Manhattan and demand that their government
move rapidly to halt it. But she offers no guidance for how global leftists can get the power to
achieve their laudable objectives. A planetary government is hardly on the horizon, and rich
nations would no doubt hog its agenda if it were.
In the meantime, Americans who want to transform the world have to learn how to persuade the
nation. At minimum, this means putting pressure on the national government, organizing coalitions
of people from different regions and backgrounds, and debating citizens who think their tax
money ought to be spent only at home. Disconnected as they are from any national or local
constituency, global leftists now live at risk of being thrust to the margins-abstract sages of
equity, operatives of nongovernmental organizations engaged in heroic but Sisyphean tasks, or
demonstrators roving from continent to continent in search of bankers to heckle.
In the wake of September 11, the stakes have been raised for the American left. Even if the "war
against terrorism" doesn't continue to overshadow all other issues, it will inevitably force activists
of every stripe to make clear how they would achieve security for individual citizens and for the
nation. How can one seriously engage in this conversation about protecting America if America
holds no privileged place in one's heart? Most ordinary citizens understandably distrust a left that
condemns military intervention abroad or a crackdown at home but expresses only a pro forma
concern for the actual and potential victims of terrorism. Without empathy for one's neighbors,
politics becomes a cold, censorious enterprise indeed.
There's no need to mouth the Pledge of Allegiance or affix a flag pin to your lapel or handbag. But
to rail against patriotic symbols is to wage a losing battle-and one that demeans us and sets us
against the overwhelming majority of Americans for no worthwhile moral or political purpose.
Instead, leftists should again claim, without pretense or apology, an honorable place in the long
narrative of those who demanded that American ideals apply to all and opposed the efforts of
those who tried to reserve them for favored groups. When John Ashcroft denies the right of
counsel to a citizen accused of terrorism or a CEO cooks the books to impress Wall Street, they
are soiling the flag and ought to be put on the patriotic defensive. Liberals and radicals are the
only people in politics who can insist on closing the gap between America as the apotheosis of
democratic strivings and the sordid realities of greed and arrogance that often betray it.
There is really no alternative. In daily life, cultural cosmopolitanism is mostly reserved to the rich
and famous. Radical environmentalists and anti-IMF crusaders seek to revive the old dream of
internationalism in a version indebted more to John Lennon's "Imagine" than to V. I. Lenin's
Comintern. But three years after bursting into the headlines from the streets of Seattle, that
project seems stalled indefinitely in the Sargasso Sea that lies between rhetorical desire and
political exigency.
In hope of a revival, left patriots might draw inspiration from two voices from disparate points on
the demographic and ideological spectrum. During the Great Depression, the white, conservative
skeptic George Santayana observed that "America is the greatest of opportunities and the worst
of influences. Our effort must be to resist the influence and improve the opportunity." At the
same time, Langston Hughes-black, homosexual, and communist sympathizer-expressed a parallel
vision:
Let America be the dream the dreamers dreamed -
Let it be that great strong land of love
Where never kings connive nor tyrants scheme
That any man be crushed by one above…
O, yes,
I say it plain,
America never was America to me,
And yet I swear this oath -
America will be!
Throughout our history, and still today, the most effective way to love the country is to fight like
hell to change it.
Michael Kazin is on the editorial board of Dissent. His latest book, co-authored with Maurice
Isserman, is America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s..
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