I didn't say that not a single Japanese-American ever engaged in espionage. As you put it, it's by definition something I can't know, because you frame it to include unknown acts for which no one was convicted. The individuals rounded up for the camps were there not because they were disloyal. In fact, "most of the 110,000 persons removed for reasons of 'national security' were school-age children, infants and young adults not yet of voting age." Add to that women and the elderly. Ref below.
You and I talked about this at length. If you have any idea where that exchange is to be found, I'll locate sources for what I recall. I recall that none of those in the camps were ever shown to be or have been disloyal citizens. I recall that a study had been done of JA loyalty and it was impressive. I recall that J. Edgar Hoover opposed the incarcerations. I recall that JA citizens in Hawaii were left free because they were to such a great degree running the place and doing other work, so were needed. Were they less dangerous to the Republic, or was Hawaii just less racist?
I put "Japanese-American traitors" into google and got no hits. Do you know of any JA who was convicted for treason? Put it in as a singular, and you get a few hits, nothing impressive, and a reminder of Tokyo Rose.
Here's a quote you can easily contradict by posting a couple of cases. Check the bolding:
These Japanese Americans, half of whom were children, were incarcerated for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis, in bleak, remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards.
They were forced to evacuate their homes and leave their jobs; in some cases family members were separated and put into different camps. President Roosevelt himself called the 10 facilities "concentration camps."
Some Japanese Americans died in the camps due to inadequate medical care and the emotional stresses they encountered. Several were killed by military guards posted for allegedly resisting orders.
At the time, Executive Order 9066 was justified as a "military necessity" to protect against domestic espionage and sabotage. However, it was later documented that "our government had in its possession proof that not one Japanese American, citizen or not, had engaged in espionage, not one had committed any act of sabotage." (Michi Weglyn, 1976).
Maybe you know more than the author of the book referenced.
pbs.org
I'd be interested to hear your evidence of the disloyalty of Japanese-Americans.
"Long-term health consequences included psychological anguish as well as increased cardiovascular disease. Survey information found former internees had a 2.1 greater risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular mortality, and premature death than did a non-interned counterpart."
Here's something you'll like. As I said, there will always be someone to defend anything:
rawls.org
Here's Alec Rawls:
google.com |
