Even if Congress had intended to restrict the president's 
    ability to obtain intelligence in such circumstances, it 
    could not have constitutionally done so. The Constitution 
    designates the president as commander in chief, and 
    Congress can no more direct his exercise of that authority
    than he can direct Congress in the execution of its 
    constitutional duties. As the FISA court itself noted in 
    2002, the president has "inherent constitutional authority
    to conduct warrantless foreign intelligence surveillance."