Did you READ this paper in PNAS?
Published online before print January 23, 2006, 10.1073/pnas.0509498103
PNAS | January 31, 2006 | vol. 103 | no. 5 | 1209-1214
Metal stocks and sustainability
R. B. Gordon*, M. Bertram,, and T. E. Graedel,,
*Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06511; and Center for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511
Edited by William C. Clark, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved December 5, 2005 (received for review November 1, 2005)
The relative proportions of metal residing in ore in the lithosphere, in use in products providing services, and in waste deposits measure our progress from exclusive use of virgin ore toward full dependence on sustained use of recycled metal. In the U.S. at present, the copper contents of these three repositories are roughly equivalent, but metal in service continues to increase. Providing today's developed-country level of services for copper worldwide (as well as for zinc and, perhaps, platinum) would appear to require conversion of essentially all of the ore in the lithosphere to stock-in-use plus near-complete recycling of the metals from that point forward. |
