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Politics : Foreign Affairs Discussion Group

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To: mistermj who wrote (215190)	1/27/2007 4:17:26 PM
From: jttmab	Read Replies (2) of 281500

A logarithmic chart shows the percentage losses in a true proportion. ROTFLOL. Get serious. A logarithmic scale is a scale of measurement that uses the logarithm of a physical quantity instead of the quantity itself. Presentation of data on a logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data covers a large range of values – the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range. Some of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (doubling the input strength adds a constant to the subjective signal strength), which makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular our sense of hearing perceives equal ratios of frequencies as equal differences in pitch. Logarithmic scales are either defined for ratios of the underlying quantity, or one has to agree to measure the quantity in fixed units. Deviating from these units means that the logarithmic measure will change by an additive constant. The base of the logarithm also has to be specified, unless the scale's value is considered to be a dimensional quantity expressed in generic (indefinite-base) logarithmic units. On most logarithmic scales, small values (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to small (possibly negative) values of the logarithmic measure. Well-known examples of such scales are: * Richter magnitude scale for strength of earthquakes and movement in the earth. * bel and decibel and neper for acoustic power (loudness) and electric power; * cent, minor second, major second, and octave for the relative pitch of notes in music; * logit for odds in statistics; * Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale; * Logarithmic timeline; * counting f-stops for ratios of photographic exposure; * rating low probabilities by the number of 'nines' in the decimal expansion of the probability of their not happening: for example, a system which will fail with a probability of 10-5 is 99.999% reliable: "five nines". * Entropy in thermodynamics. * Information in information theory. * Particle Size Distribution curves of soil Some logarithmic scales were designed such that large values (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to small values of the logarithmic measure. Examples of such scales are: * pH for acidity; * stellar magnitude scale for brightness of stars; * Krumbein scale for grain size in geology. * Kardashev scale for technological advance in physics. en.wikipedia.org jttmab

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