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Why the Chrysler Reorganization Is Bad for Capitalism
Eric Landry
On Wednesday May 20, 2009, 7:00 am EDT
Related:American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings Inc., BorgWarner Inc., Daimler AG
When financial historians look back on the spring of 2009, don't be surprised if this time period stands out as a not-so-bright one in the annals of U.S. capitalism. This is not just because the country, and the world for that matter, is dealing with an extremely severe pullback in economic output. Downturns happen in the normal course of economic growth and occur from time to time as the free market cleans out excesses created in each prior cycle. More distressing is the manner in which the long-standing bankruptcy law was recently usurped so that a group of junior creditors (with strong political connections) of a high-profile automaker were made more "whole" than the senior creditors--all in plain sight and in the name of fairness and sacrifice.
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I'm talking, of course, of recent events at Chrysler, and more specifically, of a decision by the current administration that helps more than 100,000 workers and retirees in the short term but may well be harmful to countless others over the long term. The reason? The cost of capital for a whole host of U.S. businesses just went up.
Chrysler and Creditors
First, some background. At issue in the Chrysler case are the first-lien creditors who, by several accounts, were strong-armed into accepting roughly $2 billion for the $6.9 billion owed to them in the well-publicized government-backed reorganization plan. This works out to less than $0.30 on the dollar for the creditors that stand at the very top of the Chrysler capital structure. At the same time, the United Auto Workers' Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association, which sat in an unsecured position going into the current situation, is slated to receive $4.6 billion against a $10.6 billion lien in the form of a 9% note maturing in 2022. As an extra sweetener the VEBA also will get a 55% stake of the reorganized company. That works out to about $0.43 on the dollar, not counting the equity kicker that could make the union completely whole or even better in the unlikely event that Chrysler attains its former glory as a topnotch automaker. Long story short, a junior creditor was able to leap the senior-most creditor and in the process make a mockery of longstanding U.S. bankruptcy law.
This is a big deal and highly problematic. The United States has been the envy of the world since the beginning of the industrial revolution for several reasons, not least of which is a system based not on fairness, but the rule of law. This means that senior-secured status should mean something. Specifically, it should mean that a senior lender can feel comfortable it will get first crack at the assets in a liquidation or an equity stake in a reorganization. It should mean that investors can safely execute their fiduciary responsibility to their own stakeholders, even if it's perceived at the time not to benefit society as a whole. Finally, it should mean that even if a group of lenders were major contributors to a global economic meltdown and are currently receiving government funds, they shouldn't be bullied into accepting a deal they wouldn't otherwise have accepted had they been in a more politically palatable position (as is currently the case for those Chrysler creditors that are receiving Troubled Asset Relief Program funds).
Economic Effects
The U.S. capitalist system has worked like no other in the world throughout the last couple of centuries in part because investors and lenders could be confident in the sturdiness of the agreements struck between lenders and creditors. Secured creditors take less risk than subordinated creditors, subordinated creditors take less risk than preferred shareholders, and preferred shareholders take less risk than equityholders. In turn, secured creditors can naturally charge less interest, knowing that they get first crack at the assets should any unforeseen difficulties arise. As a result of this unbending attitude toward contracts, U.S.-based companies have generally enjoyed one of the lowest costs of capital throughout the world (in aggregate) in return for adhering to a strict set of protocols in both good times and bad.
Unfortunately, these near-sacred concepts were turned on their heads in the Chrysler case, and capitalists have no choice but to sit up and take notice. What may have been a secure position pre-Chrysler may not be so today, and for that society might pay a price in the form of higher future risk premiums assigned to the secured debt of many U.S. companies.
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