ACTUAL ARTICLES FROM NATURE MAGAZINE
Some pretty technical stuff here.
Here is the link explaining what the articles mean:
Click here > siliconinvestor.com
Increased sensitivity of HIV-1 antibody detection
medicine.nature.com
Howard B. Urnovitz, Jerrilyn C. Sturge & Toby D. Gottfried
Calypte Biomedical, 1440 Fourth Street, Berkeley, California 94710, USA
Clinical trial results from 11,344 paired urine and serum samples revealed 1,181 HIV-1 positive individuals confirmed by western blot (WB).
There were 25 discrepant samples:
-10 were urine enzyme immunassay (EIA) and WB positive, serum non-reactive and serum WB negative or indeterminate, and
-15 were serum EIA and WB positive, urine EIA non-reactive or urine WB negative or indeterminate.
Serum samples, HIV-1 antibody WB confirmed, revealed a 99.15% sensitivity (1,171 out of 1,181);
urine samples, HIV-1 antibody WB confirmed, showed a 98.73% sensitivity (1,166 out of 1,181).
This study demonstrated that neither serum nor urine results alone are as sensitive for HIV-1 antibody detection as combined results of both samples.
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HIV-specific mucosal and cellular immunity in HIV-seronegative partners of HIV-seropositive individuals
medicine.nature.com
HIV-specific mucosal and cellular immunity was analyzed in heterosexual couples discordant for HIV status in serum and in HIV-unexposed controls.
HIV-specific IgA but not IgG was present in urine and vaginal wash samples from HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (ESN), whereas both IgA and IgG were observed in their HIV-seropositive partners; antibodies were not detected in low-risk controls.
Envelope protein (Env) peptide-stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected in 9 out of 16 ESNs, 5 out of 16 HIV-infected patients and 1 out of 50 controls. Env peptide-stimulated PBMCs of ESNs produced more IL-2 and less IL-10 compared with those of HIV-infected individuals; no differences were observed in chemokine production or in CCR5 expression.
These data demonstrate that a compartmentalized immune response to pathogens is possible in humans and raise the possibility of protective roles for cell-mediated immunity and mucosal IgA in HIV-seronegative individuals exposed to HIV. |
