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Politics : The Environmentalist Thread

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To: Wharf Rat who wrote (31861)1/29/2011 5:03:24 PM
From: Brumar891 Recommendation  Read Replies (1) of 36917
 
Latest In-Depth Tree Ring Analysis Refutes The Infamous Mann/IPCC 'Hockey Stick'
Read here, here and here. The IPCC and Climategate scientists, such as Michael Mann, teamed up to rid the world of the Medieval Warming Period and the Little Ice Age in an effort to convince the world's politicians and mainstream press that the modern warming was "unprecedented." Literally, Mann and his colleges presented a temperature history that had erased the warming and cooling extremes prior to the modern era.

The result of that effort was two fold: one, the infamous 'hockey stick' portrayal of historical temperatures as being a time of little temperature variation was blatantly contrary to known history and evidence; and two, the recognition by other scientists and a minority of the public that climate science had become the complete victim of the governing elites' political agenda.

Subsequent to the 'hockey stick' revelations of politics and fabricated temperature histories, many scientists pushed harder to examine the historical past, in attempts to reconstruct paleo-climate temperatures and climate.

This new study, by Büntgen et al., was able to identify the significant warming periods and the resultant civilization prosperity of a warmer climate, as represented by the known Roman warming and Medieval periods. The tree rings also identified both the Dark ages and Little Ice Age extreme coolings and the associated disease, famine and death of those natural cold periods.

"Climate variations have influenced the agricultural productivity, health risk, and conflict level of preindustrial societies.....Wet and warm summers occurred during periods of Roman and medieval prosperity. Increased climate variability from ~AD 250 to 600 coincided with the demise of the Western Roman Empire and the turmoil of the Migration Period." [Ulf Büntgen, Willy Tegel, Kurt Nicolussi, Michael McCormick, David Frank, Valerie Trouet, Jed O. Kaplan, Franz Herzig, Karl-Uwe Heussner, Heinz Wanner, Jürg Luterbacher and Jan Esper 2010: Science]

"Der Spiegel presents the most important results, which I myself think are not a surprise. The bulk of the Der Spiegel piece focuses on the hunger and misery precipitated by the climatic cold periods throughout the 2500-year period. One really gets a sense of how temperatures in Europe by no means followed the hockey stick shape proposed by Mann, and went from cold to warm, and vice versa. Numerous other proxies show the same applies globally."

Additional peer-reviewed and climate-history postings.

c3headlines.com

New Esper Study Confirms Warm Periods Lead To Prosperity, Cold Periods To Death And Misery – Climate Extremes Were Greater In the Past
By P Gosselin on 14. Januar 2011

2500 years of tree rings.
This newest tree ring study completely refutes Mann’s bogus hockey stick. That question is now forever resolved. There were warm and cold periods – with plenty of extremes. But that’s nothing new for many of us.

Der Spiegel reports on a new study put out by Science where scientists gathered data from a large set of tree rings from the Alps and used them to reconstruct 2500 years of climate in fine detail. The scientists were able to reconstruct past climate with unprecedented precision and found some significant results.

The press here is acting like these results are new. But to skeptics, it only confirms what they’ve been saying all along.

It turns out that Hannibal indeed most likely did cross the Alps with elephants way back in the year 218 BC, at a time when Europe was in a warm optimum. The study shows that weather and climate events triggered human and cultural shifts and events like wars, famine, disease – or prosperity and growth, depending on whether it was warm or cold.

Der Spiegel writes:

From 9000 pieces of wood from old post and beam homes and trees, scientists Ulf Büntgen of the Swiss WSL Environmental Research Institute and Jan Esper of the University of Mainz read off the climate story – a unique global historical archive was created.”
Der Spiegel presents the most important results, which I myself think are not a surprise. The bulk of the Der Spiegel piece focuses on the hunger and misery precipitated by the climatic cold periods throughout the 2500-year period. One really gets a sense of how temperatures in Europe by no means followed the hockey stick shape proposed by Mann, and went from cold to warm, and vice versa. Numerous other proxies show the same applies globally.

Disease, war, famine and societal collapse in cool, raw times

Witches were burned for bad weather. (Photo source: suppressedhistories.net
2500 years ago Europe was gripped by a cold period and temperatures were 2°C below today’s levels. Wars raged and societies collapsed. In the 4th century AD, after the Roman Warm Period, the climate again went downhill. It got cold and dry in central and southern Europe. The Huns invaded, and the Roman Empire collapsed. The temperature continued to drop through the 6th, 7th and 8thcenturies - and with catastrophic consequences. Der Spiegel writes:

In the famine year of 784, one third of Europe’s population died. ’It was a cool summer’, says Büntgen’s sober diagnosis, looking at the data. ‘With the worsening climate, not only did harvests in Europe go bad, but livestock also shriveled away’, reports historian Berninger.”
These cool times continued into the 10th century. Crops continued to fail, famine, unrest, war, disease and misery spread – all because of the cold climate.

Finally, by the 11th century, the climate turned the corner and warm times started up again (all naturally, without man-made CO2). Europe prospered again, cathedrals were built and society advanced until the 14th century.

In the early 14th century, climate-related hunger and famine began to spread again. From 1346 to 1352, half of Europe’s population was killed off by the Black Plague. As the temperature dropped, starvation and misery continued, all blamed on witches, who were burned. Sound familiar?

Europe had plunged into madness. The 30-year war raged across Germany from 1618 to 1648. At this point Europe was in the middle of the Little Ice Age. Der Spiegel writes:

In 1709 the weather in Europe rendered one of the worst natural catastrophes Europe: In the grisly cold of 1709, rivers in Portugal froze, palm trees were buried in snow. All over Europe rivers had frozen fish, livestock froze in the stables.”
Prosperity and the emergence of empires in warm periods

Heydays, the Roman Empire and the German Empire coincided with warm times. For example, by 300 BC, the climate again got warmer, and with rains. It got so warm in fact, that the Alps became passable. The Roman Empire emerged – all helped along by the climate. Harvests were bountiful, and England had vineyards and made wine. The MWP was similarly warm, read above. There’s ample evidence showing that the Roman Period and the MWP were warmer than today.

Weather extremes were greater in the past than today

Büntgen and Esper’s ring studies also show that rainfall amounts in Central Europe fluctuated much more year-to-year in ancient times and in the Dark Ages than in recent times, and also weather extremes were greater. In the year 1135, very little rain fell and the Danube River almost dried up. Regensburg used the opportunity to build its landmrk Steinernen bridge. The historical records also show a number of great floods, storms and periods of drought during Europe’s history.

That was climate and it was all natural. It was not caused by witches and bad behaviour. This study clearly shows that warm times are good, cold times are bad, and that the past had more extremes than today. Not only is it more nails for the hockey stick’s coffin, but also nails for the AGW theory.

notrickszone.com

......
For nearly 9000 pieces of wood from old houses and trees by the Swiss researchers led by Ulf Büntgen Environmental Research Institute WSL and Jan Esper of the University of Mainz have read the climate - a unique historical archive is created. Die Wachstumsringe im Holz geben Auskunft über das Wetter früherer Zeiten: Jedes Jahr legt sich ein Baumstamm einen weiteren Ring zu, seine Breite bezeugt Temperatur oder Niederschlag - je nachdem, wo das Holz gewachsen ist. The growth rings in wood provide information about the weather of earlier times: Every year, submit a log to another ring, its width testified temperature or precipitation - depending on where the wood is grown.

Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Studie sind: The main findings are:

¦Historische Epochen fügen sich in Klimazyklen: Blütezeiten des Römischen Reiches und des Deutschen Reiches fielen in Warmzeiten; schlechte Zeiten wie Völkerwanderungen, Pest und Dreißigjähriger Krieg ereigneten sich in Zeiten rauen Klimas. Historical eras blend into climate cycles: heydays of the Roman Empire and the German Empire fell in warm periods, bad times such as migrations, the plague and the Thirty Years War took place in times of harsh climate.
¦Mitteleuropa erlebte in der Römerzeit und im Hochmittelalter ähnliche Warmzeiten wie heute. Central Europe experienced in the Roman period and in the High Middle Ages similar warm periods like today. Der Sommer 2003 jedoch ragt heraus: Er war zumindest im Alpenraum der wärmste Sommer der letzten 2500 Jahre. The summer of 2003 stands out, however: He was, at least in the Alps is the warmest summer of the last 2500 years.
¦Die Regenmenge in Mitteleuropa schwankte im Altertum und Mittelalter deutlich stärker von Jahr zu Jahr als in der Neuzeit, zudem gab es stärkere Extreme. The amount of rain in Central Europe varied in antiquity and the Middle Ages much more from year to year than in modern times, and there were more extreme.

"Den genauen Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Geschichte müssen Historiker erforschen", sagt Ulf Büntgen. "The exact relationship between climate and history, historians need to explore," says Ulf Büntgen. Die Studie zeigt jedoch auffällige Parallelen zwischen Wetter und Historie. The study shows striking parallels between weather and history. Und vieles, was in Deutschland und Europa in den vergangenen 2500 Jahren geschehen ist, lässt sich unmittelbar aus den Daten lesen. And much of what has happened in Germany and Europe in the past 2500 years, can be read directly from the data.

2. Teil: Hinweise im Holz: Helden und Hunnen Part: Notes in the wood: Heroes and Huns

Es war ein Aufbruch nach der Kälte: Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends vor Christus hatte Europa gerade die frostigste Phase seit der Eiszeit hinter sich, die Jahresmitteltemperaturen in Europa lagen um bis zu zwei Grad tiefer als heute. It was a departure for the cold: the middle of the first millennium BC Europe had were just the frosty period since the Ice Age behind, the annual mean temperature in Europe by up to two degrees lower than today. Es war eine Hochphase der Kriege, die viele Völker in den Untergang trieben, etwa Babyloner und Mykener. It was a heyday of the war, which drove many people to destruction, such as Babylon and Mycenaeans. Heldensagen und Religionen waren populär geworden. Heroic legends and religions had become popular.

Als es 300 vor Christus allmählich wärmer wurde und gleichzeitig relativ viel Regen fiel, erblühte das Römische Reich. As it gradually became warmer 300 BC, while relatively much rain fell, the Roman Empire flourished. Das Klima verhalf den Römern zum Aufstieg, wie Historiker festgestellt haben: Die Ernteerträge stiegen, Bergbaugebiete konnten erschlossen werden, Nordeuropa wurde vereinnahmt, sobald der Weg über die Alpen im Winter passierbar war. The climate helped the Romans to the rise, as historians have noted, "The harvest yields, increased mining areas could be developed, Northern Europe, was recognized as soon as the road passable in the winter was over the Alps. Selbst in England florierte der Weinanbau. Even in England the flourishing vineyards.

Allein aus dieser Zeit haben die Forscher um Esper und Büntgen nun bis zu 550 Wetter-Beweisstücke analysiert: Aus der Breite von Jahresringen im Holz von Eichen lesen Experten die Niederschlagsmenge im Frühjahr und Juni, aus den Ringen von Lärchen und Kiefern die Sommertemperaturen. Only from that time, the researchers have to Esper and Büntgen up to 550 weather-evidence analysis: From the width of annual rings in wood upright oak experts rainfall in spring and June, from the rings of larch and pine trees, the summer temperatures. Über das Wetter aus anderen Jahreszeiten können sie keine Angaben machen, denn Bäume wachsen nur im Frühjahr und Sommer. About the weather in other seasons they can not comment, because trees grow only in the spring and summer.

Jeder Baumring lässt sich eindeutig einem Jahr zuordnen: Denn Wissenschaftler verfügen mittlerweile über eine datierte Reihe von Jahresringen aus den vergangenen Jahrtausenden. Each tree ring can be clearly assigned to a year: Because scientists now have a dated series of annual rings of the past millennia. Dieser Muster-Reihe haben Büntgen und seine Kollegen ihre Holzfunde nun zugeordnet. This model series have Büntgen and assigned his colleagues now finds its timber.

Germanen überrannten Rom Germans overran Rome

Holzstämme für die Niederschlagsgeschichte fanden die Wissenschaftler in vielen Gebieten in Deutschland und Ostfrankreich, etwa in alten Flussbetten und bei archäologischen Grabungen. Logs for the history of precipitation, the scientists found in many areas in Germany and eastern France, as in old river beds and during archaeological excavations. Als Temperaturarchive hingegen kommen nur Bäume von der Waldgrenze im Gebirge in Frage, denn nur ihr Wachstum wird von der Temperatur bestimmt. As temperature archives, however, only come from trees of the timberline in the mountains in question, because only their growth is determined by temperature. Alle anderen Bäume hingegen werden vor allem vom Niederschlag beeinflusst. All other trees, however, are influenced primarily by rainfall.

Die Forscher um Esper und Büntgen konnten für ihre Temperaturrekonstruktion folglich nur Bäume aus den Alpen verwenden. The researchers were able to Esper and Büntgen for their temperature reconstruction therefore only use trees from the Alps. Deren Daten gelten aber für weite Teile Mitteleuropas, Italiens, Frankreichs und des Balkans - das zeigen Vergleiche mit Temperaturmessungen aus dem 20. Their data are, however, for large parts of central Europe, Italy, France and the Balkans - that show comparisons with temperature measurements from 20 Jahrhundert. Century.

Die Daten zeigen ab dem vierten Jahrhundert nach Christus eine gravierende Klimaverschlechterung: Es wurde kalt und trocken in Mittel- und Südeuropa. The data shows from the fourth century AD, a serious worsening of the climate: it was cold and dry in central and southern Europe. Historiker sprechen vom "Klimapessimum der Völkerwanderung". Historians speak of the "Klimapessimum the Migration". Sie wissen zwar, dass vor allem die Invasion der Hunnen die Wanderungen der Germanen, Goten und anderer Völker auslöste. They know that provoked especially the invasion of the Huns, the migrations of the Teutons, Goths and other peoples. Doch fest steht, dass klimatisch bedingte Missernten, Hungersnöte und Seuchen die Wanderungen verschärften, auch die der Hunnen. But it is clear that climate-induced crop failures, famine and disease exacerbated the walks, the Hun.

Die Temperaturen fielen weiter, aber die Niederschläge ließen nach. The temperatures continued to decline, but the rain eased. Die zunehmende Trockenheit förderte die Erosion des Bodens, die Felder gaben immer weniger her. The increasing aridity promoted the erosion of the soil, the fields gave her less and less. 375 brachen germanische Stämme nach Süden auf, sie überrannten die Römer. 375 broke Germanic tribes to the south, they overran the Romans. 410 eroberten die Westgoten Rom. 410 the Visigoths conquered Rome. Das Ende des Römischen Reiches war gekommen. The end of the Roman Empire had come. Das "dunkle Zeitalter" hatte begonnen, ein durchaus zutreffender Begriff, wie sich zeigen sollte. The "Dark Ages" had begun an entirely accurate term, as will be.

3. Teil: Von reißenden Bestien zur Blüte des Deutschen Reiches Part: From raging beasts to flower of the German Empire

Die Erkenntnisse und Errungenschaften früherer Kulturen gerieten in Vergessenheit. The findings and achievements of previous cultures were forgotten. Unwissenheit, Angst und Aberglaube machten sich breit. Ignorance, fear and superstition were the consequences. Zwar setzte der Regen im Laufe des vierten Jahrhunderts wieder ein, aber es blieb kalt, und die Gletscher wuchsen. Although the rain continued during the fourth century back, but it remained cold, and grew the glacier.

Die größte Krise erlebte Europa von 536 bis 546, als die Sommertemperaturen auf ein Rekordtief stürzten. Europe experienced the greatest crisis of 536-546, when the summer temperatures plunged to record lows. "Unsere Daten zeigen in dieser Zeit eine außergewöhnliche zehnjährige Depression", berichtet Ulf Büntgen. "Our data show that time in an extraordinary ten-year depression," says Ulf Büntgen. Frostige Winde und Dunkelheit ließen die Ernte verderben. Kürzlich meinten Geologen, einen Meteoriteneinschlag vor Australien als Ursache ausgemacht zu haben. Frosty winds and darkness could ruin the harvest. Recently, geologists said, Australia as a cause identified to have had a meteorite impact.

Im sechsten Jahrhundert setzte sich die Krise fort, die Einwohnerzahl Europas sank "auf einen nie wieder erreichten Tiefstand", berichtet der Historiker Wolfgang Behringer von der Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken. sat in the sixth century, the crisis continues, the population of Europe fell "at a low level never reached," the historian Wolfgang Behringer reported by the University of Saarland in Saarbrücken. Archäologen fanden in Mitteleuropa zahlreiche aufgegebene Siedlungen. Archaeologists found in Central Europe, many abandoned settlements. Pollenanalysen belegen einen deutlichen Rückgang der Landwirtschaft, die Wälder drangen vor. Pollen analysis show a significant decline in agriculture, forests pressed forward.

Es waren frostige Zeiten, wie die neuen Klimadaten zeigen. It was chilly times, as the new climate data. Die Folgen waren schrecklich: Im Hungerjahr 784 soll ein Drittel der Bevölkerung Europas gestorben sein. The consequences were terrible: In the famine year 784 to a third of the population of Europe died. "Es war ein eher kühler Sommer", lautet Büntgens nüchterne Diagnose nach dem Blick auf die neuen Daten. "It was a rather cool summer," is Büntgen sober diagnosis after looking at the new data. "Mit der Klimaverschlechterung gingen in Europa nicht nur die Ernten zurück, auch das Vieh verkümmerte", berichtet Historiker Berninger. "With the worsening of the climate went back not only in Europe, the crops withered and cattle," says historian Berninger. Jede Missernte löste Hungersnot aus. Each crop failure caused famine. Zur Kälte kam im neunten Jahrhundert dann die Feuchte: Andauernder Regen bot Nährboden für Seuchen. For the cold came in the ninth century, then the humidity: Continuous rain offered fertile ground for epidemics. Lepra breitete sich aus. Leprosy was spreading.

Es durfte wieder frei gesprochen werden It was allowed to be acquitted

Die Zeit der Wölfe war angebrochen. The time of the wolves had arrived. Hunger hatte sie nach Mitteleuropa getrieben, denn auch in ihrer Heimat Russland hatte sich das Klima dramatisch verschlechtert. Hunger had driven to Central Europe, as well as in her native Russia, the climate had deteriorated dramatically. Gierig schlichen die Tiere um die Dörfer. Greedily stole the animals to the villages. "Der Kampf gegen die reißenden Bestien wurde mit aller Gewalt geführt, mit Fallen, Giftködern und Treibjagden", erläutert Behringer. "The fight against the raging beast was done with all their might, with traps, poison bait, and hunts," said Behringer. Karl der Große ordnete die Anstellung von Wolfsjägern in allen Grafschaften an. Charlemagne ordered the appointment of wolf hunters in all counties. Doch immer wieder kam es zu Überfällen: Im Hungerjahr 843 platzte ein Wolf in die Kirche im Städtchen Sénonais im heutigen Frankreich in die sonntägliche Messe. But it always came back to raiding: The Hunger 843 is a wolf burst into the church in the town Sénonais in today's France Sunday in the fair. Klimaforscher Büntgen bestätigt nun die Kälte jenes Jahres: "843 war kühler als die Jahre davor und danach". Climate scientists now confirm Büntgen the cold of that year: "843 was cooler than the years before and after".

Mitte des zehnten Jahrhunderts jedoch wendete sich das Klima zum Guten, das Mittelalterliche Klimaoptimum brach an. Middle of the century turned, however, the climate for the better, the Medieval climatic optimum began. Die neuen Daten zeigen, dass die Temperaturen in Europa in etwa so hoch stiegen wie später wieder im 20. The new data show that temperatures in Europe rose about as high as later in the 20th Jahrhundert. Century. Die Baumgrenze in den Alpen lag mancherorts sogar höher als heute, und Wein wurde weiter nördlich angebaut als zu Beginn des 21. The timberline in the Alps was in some places even higher than today, and wine was grown on the north than at the beginning of the 21st Jahrhunderts. Century. Die Zeit der Entdecker begann: Die Wikinger fuhren über Grönland bis Amerika. The time of discovery began, the Vikings went to America via Greenland.

Die Landwirtschaft erholte sich, Hungersnöte wurden seltener. The agricultural sector recovered, famines were rare. In 150 Jahren wuchs Europas Bevölkerung um ein Drittel. In 150 years, Europe's population grew by a third. Das Deutsche Reich erlebte unter den Stauferkaisern seine Blüte: Friedrich II. residierte in Sizilien. The German Empire was under the Hohenstaufen emperors flourished: Frederick II lived in Sicily. An seinem Hof trafen sich Philosophen, Wissenschaftler und Künstler; es durfte freier gedacht und gesprochen werden. At his court met philosophers, scientists and artists, it could be considered free and spoken. Auch aus Arabien kamen die Gelehrten, sie hatten wertvolle Erkenntnisse aus der Antike bewahrt und weiterentwickelt. Also from Arabia were the scholars, they had kept valuable information from antiquity and developed. Auch die Architektur änderte sich: Gotische Kathedralen mit großen Fenstern ließen das Sonnenlicht hinein. The architecture changed: Gothic cathedrals with large windows let in the sunlight.

In lauen Sommernächten lauschten sie den Minnesängern On warm summer nights she listened to the minstrels

Manche historischen Angaben jedoch gehören den neuen Daten zufolge auf den Prüfstand. Some historical data, however, include the new data suggest that to the test. In einem Bericht aus Nürnberg etwa klagte ein Bürger im Jahre 1022, dass Menschen "auf Straßen vor großer Hitze verschmachten und ersticken". In a report from Nuremberg as a citizen complained in 1022 that people "languishing on the streets from excessive heat and suffocating. Historiker wissen zwar um die Neigung zur übertreibenden Erzählung aus dieser Zeit. Historians know about the tendency to exaggerated story from that time. Indes: "Der Sommer 1022 war nicht besonders warm", sagt Klimaforscher Büntgen. However: "The summer of 1022 was not particularly warm," says climate researcher Büntgen. Möglicherweise war die Hitzewelle des Jahres so kurz, dass sie sich nicht im Wachstum der analysierten Jahresringe niederschlug - oder die Erzählung von der großen Hitze jenes Jahres ist eine Legende. Perhaps the heat wave of the year was so short that they are not analyzed in the growth of annual rings reflected - or the story of the great heat of that year, is a legend.

Andere Ereignisse jedoch werden durch die neue Studie untermauert: 1135 zum Beispiel fiel auffällig wenig Regen. Other events, however, be supported by the new study: 1135, for example, dropped remarkably little rain. Damit bestätigen die Daten historische Berichte, wonach die Donau in jenem Jahr fast trocken gefallen war. In order to confirm the historical data reports that the Danube was killed in that year almost dry. Die Regensburger nutzten das Niedrigwasser für den Bau der Steinernen Brücke, dem noch heute bedeutenden Wahrzeichen der Stadt. The Regensburg used the low-water for the construction of the Stone Bridge, the still significant landmark of the city. Ansonsten genossen die Leute des zwölften Jahrhunderts das milde Wetter: Bei Hofe lauschten sie in lauen Sommernächten auf fröhlichen Festen den Minnesängern. Otherwise, enjoyed the people of the twelfth century, the mild weather: At court they listened in warm summer nights on the joyous celebrations minstrels.

Doch unerbittlich wendete sich das Klima abermals: Am 9. But inexorably, the climate turned again: On 9 September 1302 erfroren die Weinstöcke im Elsass. September 1302 froze the vineyards in Alsace. Und nach einem strengen Winter standen in Deutschland die Bauern am 2. And occurred after a severe winter in Germany, the peasants on 2 Mai 1303 vor ihrem erfrorenen Saatgut. May 1303 frozen before their seeds. Noch ahnten sie nicht, wie hart die Zeiten werden sollten. They still had no idea how hard should the times.

4. Teil: Hunger, Pest, Melancholie - und die Wiedergeburt Europas Part: hunger, plague, melancholy - and the rebirth of Europe

Die neuen Klimadaten sind das nüchterne Abbild einer gigantischen Katastrophe, die nun über Europa hereinbrach. The new climate data is the sober image of a giant catastrophe that befell Europe now. Sie zeigen im 14. Point in the 14th Jahrhundert viele kalte Sommer. Century many cold summer. 1314 kamen schwere Regenfälle und ein harter Winter hinzu. 1314 were added to heavy rains and a hard winter.

Hinter den Zahlen verbergen sich grausame Ereignisse: Es begann damit, dass aufgrund des Wetters die Ernte ausblieb. Behind the numbers are hidden cruel events: It started when the weather stayed away because of the harvest. Von 1315 bis 1322 dezimierte der "Große Hunger" die Bevölkerung. From 1315 to 1322 decimated the "Great Hunger" of the population. Bereits 1315 mussten viele Leute Hunde und Pferde essen. Already in 1315, many people eat dogs and horses. 1346 und 1347 waren besonders kalte Jahre, der Wein erfror, das Getreide verfaulte. 1346 and 1347 were particularly cold years, the wine froze, the crops rotted. Die geschwächten Menschen hatten Seuchen nichts entgegenzusetzen. The weakened man had nothing to counter epidemics. Vermutlich aus China brachten Reisende den "Schwarzen Tod" mit: Von 1346 bis 1352 soll die Hälfte der Bevölkerung Europas an der Pest gestorben sein. Probably from China brought travelers to the "Black Death" with: From 1346 to 1352, half of Europe's population died of the plague.

Südlich der Alpen sanken die Temperaturen nicht ganz so stark. South of the Alps, the temperatures dropped not quite as strong. Vermutlich war das ein Grund dafür, dass sich nun in Italien die Renaissance ("Wiedergeburt") entfalten konnte. Presumably that was a reason that could now unfold in Italy, the Renaissance (rebirth). Die antiken Philosophen kamen wieder zu Ehren, das Bankwesen entwickelte sich, und die Bürger begannen mit neuem Selbstbewusstsein dem Adel Konkurrenz zu machen. The ancient philosophers came back into favor, the banking system developed, and the citizens began with a new self-confidence to compete with the nobility.

Vögel fielen tot vom Himmel Dead birds fell from the sky

Die Renaissance hatte es schwer, über die Alpen zu kommen. The Renaissance had a hard time to cross the Alps. Im Norden war das finstere Mittelalter zurückgekehrt, die Macht des Glaubens erstarkt. In the north, the Dark Ages had returned, strengthened the power of faith. Die Kirche schob den Hexen die Schuld für schlechte Ernten und Krankheiten zu, sie ließ Frauen verbrennen. The church moved the witches to blame for bad harvests and disease, they could burn women. 1524 erhoben sich die Bauern in ihrer Not gegen den Adel, der immer mehr aus ihnen herauspressen wollte. 1524, the peasants rose in their plight against the nobility, who wanted to squeeze more and more of them.

Und es wurde noch kälter. And it was even colder. Die Kleine Eiszeit hatte begonnen. The Little Ice Age had begun. Die vielen trüben kalten Tage veranlassten den anglikanischen Bischoff Robert Burton Anfang des 16. The many gloomy cold days prompted the Anglican Bishop Robert Burton early 16th Jahrhunderts, sein Werk "Anatomie der Melancholie" zu schreiben. Century, his work "The Anatomy of Melancholy" to write. Der Dreißigjährige Krieg von 1618 bis 1648 machte schließlich ganz Deutschland zum Schlachtfeld, ein Großteil der Bevölkerung kam um. The Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648 was finally over Germany to the battlefield, much of the population perished. Und Ende des 17. And at the end of the 17th Jahrhunderts litt Europa dann mehrfach unter schweren Hungersnöten. Century Europe witnessed it several times from severe famine.

1709 stürzte das Wetter Europa in eine der schlimmsten Naturkatastrophen: In der "Grausamen Kälte von 1709" gefroren noch in Portugal die Flüsse, Palmen versanken im Schnee. 1709 Weather Europe plunged into one of the worst natural disasters: In the "cruel cold of 1709" in Portugal still frozen rivers, palm trees, sank in the snow. In ganz Europa trieben erstarrte Fische im Wasser, das Vieh erfror in den Ställen, Rehe lagen tot auf den Wiesen, Vögel sollen wie Steine zu Boden geplumpst sein. Across Europe, fish frozen in the water drove the cattle froze to death in the stables, deer lay dead on the grass, birds are like stones plopped to the ground are. Im Sommer 1710 sah man Menschen, die auf den Feldern "wie Schafe" grasten, wie es in zeitgenössischen Berichten heißt. In the summer of 1710 saw people who were grazing in the fields, "like sheep", as mentioned in contemporary accounts.

Das Volk erwachte aus der Erstarrung The people came out of the solidification

Zu jener Zeit feierte der Absolutismus Triumphe, es war die totale Entmündigung des Volkes. At that time, celebrated the triumphs of absolutism, it was the total incapacitation of the people. Ludwig XIV. (1638 - 1715) krönte ihn mit dem Satz: "Der Staat bin ich!" Louis XIV (1638 - 1715) crowned him with the sentence: "I am the state!" Doch mit dem Ende der Kleinen Eiszeit erwachte das Volk aus seiner Erstarrung. But with the end of the Little Ice Age, the people awoke from his trance. Die Zeit der Aufklärung kam, Widerspruch regte sich. The Age of Enlightenment came to object moved.

"Hungerkrisen wurden nun als Folge von Missmanagement verstanden", erläutert der Historiker Behringer. "Hunger crises were now understood as the result of mismanagement," said the historian Behringer. Bauern stellten auf Fruchtwechsel-Wirtschaft um: Auf einem Feld wurden fortan wechselnde Sorten angebaut, um die Ergiebigkeit zu erhöhen. Presented to farmers on crop rotation economy: were on a field now changing varieties grown in order to increase the yield. Zudem wurde die Bewässerung modernisiert, Moore urbar gemacht, bessere Straßen gebaut und Deiche aufgerüstet. In addition, the irrigation has been modernized, Moore reclaimed, built better roads and levees upgraded. Die Agrar-Revolution bewirkte, dass Hungersnöte seltener wurden. The agricultural revolution that caused famines were rare. Die Menschen hätten ihre Lehren aus den Klimakrisen gezogen, folgert Behringer. People have learned their lesson from the climate crisis, concludes Behringer. Dadurch habe sich "die Anfälligkeit der Gesellschaft für Aberglaube und religiöse Verirrungen verringert." This has "the vulnerability of society to religious superstition and errors reduced."

Gegen die Hungersnot Mitte des 19. Against the famine mid-19th Jahrhunderts - ausgelöst von einem kurzzeitigen Klimarückfall - freilich halfen auch diese Verbesserungen nichts. Century - caused by a short-term climate relapse - of course also helped them improve anything. Und das 20. And the 20th Jahrhundert brachte trotz Erwärmung zwei Weltkriege. Century saw two world wars, despite warming. Klima und Geschichte laufen eben nicht immer parallel, betonen Historiker. Climate and history not always run parallel to stress historian. Viele andere Einflüsse spielen eine Rolle. Many other factors play a role. "Es gab keine Kriege, nur weil es kalt war", sagt der Mainzer Klimaforscher Jan Esper, "aber Klimaumschwünge können historische Entwicklungen verstärken." "There were no wars, just because it was cold," says Jan Esper of the Mainz climate scientists, "but Klimaumschwünge can reinforce historical trends."

Seit langem streiten Experten über die künftigen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels: Führen die Veränderungen erneut in eine Katastrophe, oder bringt eine weitere Erwärmung Gutes? For a long time experts argue about the future effects of climate change: Do the changes again in a disaster, or a further warming brings good? "Kurzfristige Klimaänderungen hatten oft gravierende Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft", resümiert Ulf Büntgen. "Rapid climate change often had a serious impact on society," says Ulf Büntgen. Die neuen Daten bieten Historikern noch reichlich Stoff, solche Zusammenhänge aufzuspüren. The new data provide historians still plenty of material to trace such connections.

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