...The basics of Medicare v. Medicaid
With the names of the two programs so confusingly similar, it helps to recall the basics.
The programs — which together account for 20 percent of federal spending — serve some of the same people, but they are quite different:
Medicaid is the federal-state program that pays the medical bills of more than 50 million poor, disabled and elderly people.
Medicare is the federal program that pays the medical bills of 40 million people aged 65 and older, whether they’re rich or poor.
Medicaid is means-tested: your income must fall below a certain threshold in order for you to get benefits.
Medicare isn’t means-tested, although the program requires wealthier people to pay higher premiums for their benefits than middle-income and low-income people do.
Medicaid — unlike Medicare — is financed by general federal and state tax revenues, not by a dedicated tax.
Medicare is financed, in part, by a dedicated payroll tax, so that many retirees think they "paid into the system" and are simply "getting back what they paid in" once they become eligible to collect benefits at age 65.
In creating Medicare, Congress deliberately designed it so that “middle-class people would view this as their earned right,” said Colleen Grogan, a health care policy expert at the University of Chicago.
And that perception of an "earned right" explains the Democrats' strategy in focusing most of their fire on Medicare, not Medicaid.
Ryan plan reduces Medicaid outlays
As Ryan explained over and over again, his proposal would not affect the Medicare benefits of anyone now in the program, or of anyone eligible for Medicare until 2022.
Starting in 2022, Ryan would scrap Medicare's open-ended payment of most medical bills. Instead he'd use federal money to subsidize seniors' purchase of insurance, with bigger subsidies for poorer people and smaller subsidies for wealthier people.
But the Medicaid changes would be enacted immediately, possibly reducing poor recipients’ access to health care or raising their costs.
Ryan would convert the Medicaid matching payments that the federal government now makes to the states into grants. The grants would grow over time to keep pace with consumer prices and population growth, but the net result would be the states bearing more of the Medicaid burden.
According to an analysis by the Congressional Budget Office, enacting Ryan's proposal would mean that people on Medicaid “could face more limited access to care,” and “if states reduced benefits or eligibility levels, beneficiaries could face higher out-of-pocket costs….”
And that would happen almost immediately after enactment, not in 2022.
Affecting the elderly
Many people see Medicaid as a program for low-income single mothers and their children.
But in fact most Medicaid spending goes to care of the elderly and disabled, not to single moms and their kids. More than eight million people over age 65 rely on the program, typically people in nursing homes or those getting long-term care from a visiting nurse.
Oddly enough, Medicare, which is supposed to take care of those over age 65, does not cover most long-term care, such as in a nursing home or assisted living facility. But Medicaid does cover such care.
Although they may not have thought about it when they were 40, many older people -- without their adult children living nearby — will end up in such facilities. Grogan said people over age 65 “don’t know how important Medicaid is until they need long-term services.”
She added, “If you look at the elderly who end up relying on Medicaid, a lot of them were middle-class people their entire lives and they have children who are solidly in the middle class.”
Long-term care is so expensive that “people spend down their resources and do estate planning” — thus shielding some of their assets — so that they can qualify for Medicaid, she explained. “There’s absolutely no way a middle-class family can save adequately for the expenditures that are needed if you have a parent who needs that type of care.”
Robert Saldin, a health policy expert at Harvard University, said Medicaid “is widely misunderstood and thought of as merely a program for the poor. In reality — and for better or worse — Medicaid has become a broad-based program with two-thirds of its spending going to the elderly and disabled. Many of the elderly on Medicaid spent their lives in the middle-class before they had to pay for a nursing home. But Medicaid's reputation hasn't caught up with this reality.”
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