this is funny................wiki outtake about Indiana oil........ considering Kentland was a 13KM Rock......
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Oil production in Indiana peaked in 1905 with over 11 million barrels (1,700,000 m3) pumped that year. By 1910 the once abundant resources had slowed to a trickle. By then new industry had moved into the state, and decline of the gas industry did not have a major negative impact. The availability of cheap energy had drawn so much new industry that Indiana had become one of the leading industrial states. The economy of northern Indiana continued to flourish until the Great Depression began in the following decade. In total, over 1 trillion cubic feet (28 km3) of natural gas and 105 million barrels (16,700,000 m3) of oil are estimated to have been extracted from the field. [8]
Smaller pockets of natural gas exist in Indiana at depths that could not be reached in the boom era. The state has a small natural gas producing industry in 2008, but residents and industry consume about twice as much natural gas as the state produces. In 2005 there were 338 active natural gas wells on the Trenton Field. In 2006 Indiana produced more than 290 million cubic feet (82 million cubic meters) of natural gas. This made it the 24th largest producing state, far below the major producers. [9]
It is estimated that only 10% of the oil was drilled from the Trenton Field, and approximately 900 million barrels (140,000,000 m3) may remain. Because of the size of the field, pumping gas back into the well to increase pressure, as is commonly done in smaller fields, is impossible. Because of the depth and limitations of hydraulic pumps, it was never cost effective to use them to extract oil. It was not until the 1990s that efficient methods of artificial lift were discovered. This has allowed some of the oil to extracted, but at far higher costs than when sufficient natural gas is present. [10]
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Kentland
Kentland
Crater Name
Location
Latitude
Longitude
Diameter (km)
Age (Ma)*
Exposed
Drilled
Target Rock**
Bolide Type***
Kentland
Indiana, U.S.A.
N 40° 45'
W 87° 24'
13
< 97
Y
Y
S
-
Map
References
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Bjornerud, M. G., Superimposed Deformation in Seconds: Breccias from the Impact Structure at Kentland, Indiana (USA), Tectonophysics v. 290 pp. 259-269. 1998.
Boyer, R. E., The geology of the structural anomaly near Kentland, Indiana. Master's Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 54 p. 1953.
Bucher, W. H., Cryptovolcanic structures in the United States (with discussion). International Geologic Congress, 16th, Report, v. 2, pp. 1055-1084. 1936.
Cockell, C. S., Lee, P., The Biology of Impact Craters - a review. Biol. Rev., 77, P. 279 - 310. 2002.
Cohen, A. J., Bunch, T.E. and Reid,A.M., Coesite discoveries establish cryptovolcanics as fossil meteorite craters. Science, v. 134, pp. 1624-1625. 1961.
Collins, H., Brown, L. A., Fracture analysis of the Kentland, Indiana, disturbance. Jackson, M.T., ed., Proceedings of the Indiana Acadamy of Science, v. 83, p.243. 1974.
Dabizha, A. I., Fedynsky, V. V., The Earth's "star wounds" and their diagnosis by geophysical methods (in Russian). "Zemlya i Vselennaya", v. 3, pp. 56-64. 1975.
Dietz, R. S., Meteorite impact suggested by the orientation of shattercones at the Kentland, Indiana, disturbance. Science, v. 105, pp. 42-43. 1947.
Grieve, R. A. F., The record of impact on Earth: Implications for a major Cretaceous/Tertiary impact event. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 190, pp. 25-37. 1982.
Gurov, E. P., Gurova, E. P., Impact structures on the Earth's surface (in Russian). Geologicheskii Zhurnal, v. 47, pp. 117-124. 1987.
Gutschick, R. C., Geology of the Kentland dome structurally complex anomaly, northwestern Indiana (Field Trip 5). Field trip in Midwestern Geology, Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Indianapolis, v. 1, pp. 105-138. 1983.
Gutschick, R. C., Geology of the Kentland structural anomaly, northwestern Indiana -- update. Purdue University, Department of Geosciences, and Geological Society of America,North-central Section, Guidebook 4, 38 p. 1982.
Gutschick, R. C., Geology of the Kentland structural anomaly, northwestern Indiana. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, North-central Section, Guidebook, pp. 59. 1976.
Gutschick, R. C., Geology of the Kentland impact structural anomaly. Meteoritical Society, 35th Annual Meeting, Guidebook for Field Trip. 1972.
Gutschick, R. C., Geology of the Kentland impact structural anomaly, northwestern Indiana. Shaver, R.H. and Sunderman, J.A., eds., Field Guide for the National Association of Geology Teachers, East-central Section, 20 p. 1971.
Gutschick, R. C., The stratigraphy and structure of the Kentland impact anomaly, Indiana (abstract). The Geological Society of America, v. 2, pp. 564-565. 1970.
Gutschick, R. C., The Kentland structural anomaly, Indiana. Geology from Chicago to Cincinnati, Geological Society of America Guidebook for Field Trips, v. 2, pp. 12-17. 1961.
Huss, Q. S., Shocked Quartz of the St. Peter Sandstone from the Kentland Structural Anomaly, Indiana, USA, GSA Abstracts with Programs, NCS Abstr. 7476. 1996.
Jackson, M., Van der Voo, R., A paleomagnetic estimate of the age and thermal history of the Kentland, Indiana cryptoexplosion structure. Journal of Geology, v. 94, pp. 713-723. 1986.
Koeberl, C., Sharpton, V. L., Geochemical study of rocks from the Kentland, Indiana, impact structure: Progress report (abstract). Meteoritics, v. 28, pp. 382. 1993.
Laney, R. T., A structural and petrographic study of the Kentland, Indiana impact site. Master's Thesis, University of Kansas. 1978.
Laney, R. T., Van Schmus, W. R., A structural study of the Kentland, Indiana impact site. Proceedings Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 9th, pp. 2609-2632. 1978.
Laney, R. T., Van Schmus, W. R., The Kentland impact site: A structural study of a partially dissected central uplift (abstract). EOS, v. 59, pp. 223. 1978.
Masaitis, V. L., Danilin, A.N., Maschak, M.S., Raykhlin, A.I., Selivanovskaya, T.V. and Shadenkov,Ye.M., The Geology of Astroblemes (in Russian). Leningrad, Nedra, 231 p. 1980.
Shrock, R. R., Stratigraphy and structure of the area of disturbed Ordovician rocks near Kentland, Indiana. American Midland Naturalist, v. 18, pp. 471-531. 1937.
Shrock, R. R., Malott, C. A., The Kentland area of disturbed Ordovician rocks in northwestern Indiana. Journal of Geology, v. 41, pp. 337-370. 1933.
Tudor, D. S., Mead, J and Rudman,A.J., A geophysical study of the Kentland disturbed area (abstract). Geological Society of America, v. 4, p. 353. 1972.
Tudor, D. S., A geophysical study of the Kentland disturbed area. Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, 111 p. 1971.
Votaw, R. B., Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Kentland structure, Indiana (abstract). Geological Society of America, v. 12, p. 259. 1980.
Zotkin, I. T., "Moon" craters on the Earth (in Russian). Priroda, v. 9, pp. 95-105. 1969.
* pre-1977 K-Ar, Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr ages recalculated using the decay constants of Steiger and Jager (1977) Ages in millions of years (Ma) before present.
** Abbreviations: C - Crystalline Target; C-Ms - Metasedimetary Target; M - Mixed Target (i.e.sedimentary strata overlying crystalline basement); S - sedimentary target (i.e. no crystalline rocks affected by the impact event). From Osinski. G. R., Spray J. G., and Grieve R. A. F. 2007. Impact melting in sedimentary target rocks: A synthesis. In The Sedimentary Record of Meteorite Impacts, Geological Society of America Special Paper. Editors: Evans K. Horton W., King D., Morrow J., and Warme J. Geological Society of America: Boulder, in press.
*** From Koeberl,C. Identification of meteoritic components in impactites. 1998, Koeberl, C. The Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry of Impacts. 2007 and PASSC Files. (IAB, IIIAB, IIIB, IIID - Iron Meteorite)
Kentland
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