Great Oxidation Event: More oxygen through multicellularity
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The appearance of free oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere led to the Great Oxidation Event. This was triggered by cyanobacteria producing the oxygen which developed into multicellular forms as early as 2.3 billion years ago. As evolutionary biologists from the Universities of Zurich and Gothenburg have shown, this multicellularity was linked to the rise in oxygen and thus played a significant role for life on Earth as it is today.
Cyanobacteria belong to the Earth’s oldest organisms. They are still present today in oceans and waters and even in hot springs. By producing oxygen and evolving into multicellular forms, they played a key role in the emergence of organisms that breathe oxygen. This has, now, been demonstrated by a team of scientists under the supervision and instruction of evolutionary biologists from the University of Zurich. According to their studies, cyanobacteria developed multicellularity around one billion years earlier than eukaryotes – cells with one true nucleus. At almost the same time as multicellular cyanobacteria appeared, a process of oxygenation began in the oceans and in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Multicellularity as early as 2.3 billion years ago The scientists analyzed the phylogenies of living cyanobacteria and combined their findings with data from fossil records for cyanobacteria. According to the results recorded by Bettina Schirrmeister and her colleagues, multicellular cyanobacteria emerged much earlier than previously assumed. «Multicellularity developed relatively early in the history of cyanobacteria, more than 2.3 billion years ago», Schirrmeister explains in her doctoral thesis, written at the University of Zurich.
Link between multicellularity and the Great Oxidation EventAccording to the scientists, multicellularity developed shortly before the rise in levels of free oxygen in the oceans and in the atmosphere. This accumulation of free oxygen is referred to as the Great Oxidation Event, and is seen as the most significant climate event in the Earth’s history. Based on their data, Schirrmeister and her doctoral supervisor Homayoun Bagheri believe that there is a link between the emergence of multicellularity and the event. According to Bagheri, multicellular life forms often have a more efficient metabolism than unicellular forms. The researchers are thus proposing the theory that the newly developed multicellularity of the cyanobacteria played a role in triggering the Great Oxidation Event.
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Nostochopis: multicellular cyanobacterium with algae-like growth (picture: UZH) meme
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Multicellular cyanobacterium (picture: UZH)
Cyanobacteria occupied free niches The increased production of oxygen set the Earth’s original atmosphere off balance. Because oxygen was poisonous for large numbers of anaerobic organisms, many anaerobic types of bacteria were eliminated, opening up ecological ‘niches’. The researchers have determined the existence of many new types of multicellular cyanobacteria subsequent to the fundamental climatic event, and are deducing that these occupied the newly developed habitats. «Morphological changes in microorganisms such as bacteria were able to impact the environment fundamentally and to an extent scarcely imaginable», concludes Schirrmeister.
Literature:Bettina E. Schirrmeister, Jurriaan M. de Vos, Alexandre Antonelli, Homayoun C. Bagheri. Evolution of multicellularity coincided with increased diversification of cyanobacteria and the Great Oxidation Event. PNAS Early Edition. January 14, 2013. doi: 10:1072/pnas.1209927110/-/DCSupplemental
Great Oxidation EventThe Great Oxidation Event refers to a period around 2.3 billion years ago. It was no longer possible for newly created oxygen to be captured in chemical compounds. Instead, it started to accumulate as oxygen in the oceans and in the atmosphere.
Previously, in the Earth’s early atmosphere, there were only traces of free oxygen. All life was based exclusively on anaerobic processes – chemical reactions that did not require oxygen. With the emergence of cyanobacteria that oxidized water with the help of light and produced oxygen as a by-product, the conditions for life on Earth gradually began to transform. |
