Compared to their white peers, African American and Hispanic children are anywhere from 9 to 10 months behind in math and 7 to 12 months behind in reading when they enter kindergarten. These achievement gaps are concerning: Math and reading abilities at kindergarten entry are powerful predictors of later school success, and children who enter kindergarten already behind are unlikely to catch up. Moreover, in the past 50 years, minimal progress has been made toward reducing these achievement gaps.

... evidence suggests that a high-quality UPK program would significantly reduce achievement gaps at kindergarten entry. Based on the average effect that two large-scale, highly effective programs in different parts of the country had on participating children’s achievement scores, it is estimated that high-quality UPK would reduce the achievement gap at kindergarten entry in math 45 percent for African American children and 78 percent for Hispanic children, while essentially closing the entire gap in reading for both groups.