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Jesse Livermore and the Quake [1906]
One hundred eleven years ago, one of the most devastating natural disasters in American history struck. Here’s something about how Jesse Livermore traded through it that I found interesting:
At eight o’clock in the morning of Wednesday April 18th 1906, Jesse Livermore was sound asleep in his New York hotel room after arriving back late from Palm Beach the previous evening.
3000 miles away, across the country in California, it was five o’clock in the morning and the city of San Francisco slept contentedly. Barely two minutes later, the earth shook and all 410,000 citizens were awoken as the San Andreas Fault suddenly ruptured. There were two quakes. The initial quake was hardly noticeable but, 20 seconds later, the earth tremored for 42 seconds at force eight, just about as bad as it gets. It shattered the surface of the earth for a length of 296 miles across California. At its epicentre, the ground moved 28 feet.
The above account of the infamous San Francisco quake comes from the book Jesse Livermore – Boy Plunger. Livermore had previously sold short 5000 shares of the Union Pacific railroad on a hunch that something bad was about to happen during a vacation in Florida. This was a massive trade for the speculator, given that he’d just spent the previous four years frittering around with small wins and losses, and focused more on his social life than on his career.
But Jesse’s gut told him to act that day in early April 1906…
Livermore just stood very still and quiet. He could feel something happening inside his head, a sensation he had not experienced before…Livermore was struck by a sudden impulse to do something based on nothing at all.
“I was looking over the quotation board, noting the changes, and they were mostly advances – until I came to Union Pacific and I got a feeling that I ought to sell it. I can’t tell you anymore. I just felt like selling it. I asked myself why I should feel like that and I couldn’t find any reason at all for going short of Union Pacific.”
He starts with a thousand shares short in the Florida branch of his friend’s brokerage firm, E.F. Hutton, and then gradually builds up his position while returning to New York. The next day, the quake hits and within a few days Livermore is sitting in profits on his leveraged bets. Union Pacific shares collapsed as it became apparent that shipping in and out of the region would be severely hampered, along with the potential for a US recession arising as a result of risk-averse business activity.
The initial reports out of San Francisco on the days following the quake say that hundreds have died. By April 25th 1906, the market hits its low, with a billion dollars in value wiped out. And then it begins to recover.
But Livermore believes the newspapers are underreporting the tragedy. He quadruples his short to 20,000 shares of Union Pacific, with $3.5 million on the line, much of it borrowed from the brokerage firm.
The initial damage from the quake pales in comparison with what will happen in the aftermath. San Francisco is the 9th largest city in America at the time, and around a quarter of the buildings collapsed from the tremors, leaving 100,000 people homeless immediately.
By the next day, almost the entire city catches on fire.
The fire department is leaderless and the water mains are too damaged to help. Gas mains, meanwhile, are exploding and the city’s mostly wooden edifices go up like kindling. Panicked citizens make things worse. There is an attempt to create firebreaks using dynamite to contain the burning, but this only sets off more fires. Additionally, because the insurance policies of the day only covered fire damage and not earthquakes, people begin to set their own dwellings and properties ablaze.
It is estimated that some 80% of San Francisco’s buildings had been burnt to the ground when all was over, with more than 3000 people dead and a quarter of a million citizens homeless. It is the worst natural disaster in the history of California and, arguably, the United States.
When the dead-cat bounce in the stock market fades and rolls over that spring, the Boy Plunger finds himself with $250,000 in gains, an enormous windfall from stock speculation at the turn of the century. He covers his short into the second sell-off as the world realizes how bad the destruction actually is. The estimates for losses caused, to be borne by the nation’s largest insurance companies, total $400 million – an astonishing sum.
By the height of summer, Livermore is playing the true market recovery, which doesn’t begin until the end of July. He is now extremely long shares of Union Pacific, betting on its rise, as his brokers scream at him that he is crazy...
thereformedbroker.com
1906 -1907
February 1907 – exactly one century ago – was an exciting year for Jesse Livermore. In 1906, he had hit the big time – profiting by over a quarter million dollars – by shorting the market just before the San Francisco earthquake. It was at about this time that Livermore consciously began changing his trading style. He decided that the key to success lay in studying the market as a whole rather than in following individual stocks. According to Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, he said:
“I began to see more clearly—perhaps I should say more maturely—that since the entire list moves in accordance with the main current… Obviously the thing to do was to be bullish in a bull market and bearish in a bear market. Sounds silly, doesn’t it? But I had to grasp that general principle firmly before I saw that to put it into practice really meant to anticipate probabilities. It took me a long time to learn to trade on those lines.
“I studied the situation in 1906 and I thought that the money outlook was particularly serious… It was good hard cash that went up in cannon smoke in the Boer War, and the millions spent for feeding nonproducing soldiers in South Africa meant no help from British investors as in the past. Also, the earthquake and the fire in San Francisco and other disasters touched everybody… I figured that nothing could stave off one peach of a smash. Such being the case there was but one thing to do – sell stocks!”
Unfortunately for Livermore, every time he began to sell stocks, the market rallied. Bit by bit, the money he gained from shorting the market in 1906 was lost. Convinced that the market should fall, he continued taking short positions, only to lose. Before long, he was cleaned out. He commented:
“That is how I came to learn that even when one is properly bearish at the very beginning of a bear market it is well not to begin selling in bulk until there is no danger of the engine back-firing.”
Despite Livermore’s losses, his broker was willing to extend him credit – Livermore was one of his most profitable customers. Then Livermore saw something that further convinced him that the market was truly going to collapse. The Northern Pacific and Great Northern announced new issues of stock. They did it in a way Livermore had not seen before. They were going to allow buyers to pay by installments. This, concluded Livermore, meant the financiers didn’t think there was enough money in the markets to absorb the stock issues.
Livermore explained this reasoning to his broker, who extended him the financial backing he needed to begin shorting the market.
“I profited by my earlier and costly mistakes and sold more intelligently. My reputation and my credit were reestablished In a jiffy. That is the beauty of being right in a broker’s office, whether by accident or not. But this time I was cold-bloodedly right, not because of a hunch or from skilful reading of the tape, but as the result of my analysis of conditions affecting the stock market in general. I wasn’t guessing. I was anticipating the inevitable. It did not call for any courage to sell stocks. I simply could not see anything but lower prices, and I had to act on it, didn’t I? What else could I do?”
One by one, the stocks that Livermore had shorted began falling and, before long, all were falling.
“I had a wonderful time after that, and in February of 1907 I cleaned up…
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