| | | Date ranges according to AI Grok
Here is a chronological assignment of approximate date ranges to the historical periods of control over the region historically known as Palestine (or the southern Levant), based on standard historical scholarship. These are the periods referenced in your list, presented in reverse order as provided (from most recent backward). Note that boundaries are approximate, as transitions often involved overlaps, partial control, or regional variations; the region was rarely a fully independent entity under a single name matching modern "Palestine" as a sovereign state.- British Mandate (not a Palestinian state): 1920–1948 CE (League of Nations mandate formally approved in 1922; civil administration began 1920; ended May 15, 1948).
- Ottoman Empire (not a Palestinian state): 1516–1917 CE (conquered by Selim I; region divided into sanjaks/provinces, not a unified "Palestine").
- Mamluk Sultanate (Islamic state of the Mamluks of Egypt; not a Palestinian state): 1260–1516 CE (began after defeating Mongols at Ain Jalut; ruled from Cairo/Damascus).
- Ayyubid Empire (Ayyubid-Kurdish Empire; not a Palestinian state): 1187–1260 CE (founded by Saladin after reconquering Jerusalem from Crusaders).
- Crusader States (Frankish and Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem; not a Palestinian state): 1099–1187 CE (First Crusade captured Jerusalem in 1099; main Kingdom of Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187, with remnants until 1291).
- Umayyad and Fatimid Empires (not a Palestinian state): Fatimid rule ~969–1071/1099 CE (Shi'a caliphate from Cairo); Umayyad rule ~661–750 CE (Arab caliphate from Damascus; region as Jund Filastin).
- Byzantine Empire (not a Palestinian state): ~330–636/638 CE (Eastern Roman Empire; region divided into Palaestina provinces after ~390 CE).
8–10. Sassanid-Persian Empire and Roman/Byzantine interruptions (not a Palestinian state): Sassanid occupation 614–628 CE (brief conquest during Byzantine-Sassanid War); preceding and following was Byzantine/Roman control (63 BCE–614 CE, evolving into Byzantine).- Jewish Hasmonean State (not a Palestinian state): ~140–63 BCE (independent Jewish kingdom after Maccabean Revolt; later Roman vassal until 37 BCE).
- Hellenistic Seleucid Empire (not a Palestinian state): ~198–140 BCE (control over the region after defeating Ptolemies).
- Alexander the Great's Empire (Macedonian; not a Palestinian state): ~333–323 BCE (conquest of the Persian Empire; brief personal rule until his death).
- Achaemenid Persian Empire (not a Palestinian state): ~539–333 BCE (Cyrus the Great allowed Jewish return; region as province Yehud and others).
- Babylonian Empire (Neo-Babylonian; not a Palestinian state): ~586–539 BCE (conquest of Judah; destruction of First Temple and exile).
16–17. Kingdoms of Israel and Judah / United Kingdom of Israel (not Palestinian states): Divided kingdoms ~930–586 BCE (Judah fell to Babylonians); United monarchy under Saul, David, Solomon ~1020–930 BCE.- Theocracy of the Twelve Tribes of Israel (not a Palestinian state): ~1200–1020 BCE (biblical period of Judges after conquest/settlement).
- Agglomeration of independent Canaanite city-kingdoms (not a Palestinian state): ~1550–1200 BCE (Late Bronze Age; city-states like Jerusalem, Megiddo under Egyptian influence).
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