To: IQBAL LATIF who wrote (27892 ) 8/1/1999 6:39:00 PM From: IQBAL LATIF Respond to of 50167
Water And Diamonds We need water to live. But it's generally pretty cheap. We don't need diamonds for much. But they're expensive. Why are diamonds more costly than water? .......taken from IBD.. Date: 8/2/99 If you can answer that question, you're doing better than Adam Smith, the father of economics. He raised the so-called diamond- water paradox in ''The Wealth of Nations'' in 1776. ''Nothing is more useful than water; but it will purchase scarce anything,'' he wrote. ''A diamond, on the other hand, has scarce any value in use; but a great quantity of other goods may frequently be had in exchange for it.'' Smith couldn't figure out why this was so. It would take economists almost a century to answer his question. Carl Menger, Stanley Jevons and Leon Walras showed that prices are determined by supply and demand. And they figured out that what counts in demand is marginal utility, not total utility. What is marginal utility? It's the use we get from one more unit of something. To a starving man, a sandwich has great utility. But after he has eaten that sandwich, a second sandwich has less utility. And if he eats both sandwiches, a third is even less useful. Put simply, prices are determined by the value of the last unit of a good. Because water is usually abundant, an extra unit is cheap. But diamonds are rare, so one more diamond is expensive. The sad thing is that others had figured this out long before Smith. Catholic philosophers had discovered marginal utility almost a thousand years earlier. Smith himself even got the answer to the diamond-water paradox right almost 30 years before ''The Wealth of Nations'' in a series of lectures he gave. But by the time he wrote his most famous work, Smith argued that the price of a good is determined by the amount of labor it takes to make it. So why did he change his mind? Why did he set economics on a dead-end road for 100 years? Those who have studied Smith's thought have an answer: He was a Presbyterian. ''His Calvinist beliefs emphasized the goodness of hard work, useful production, and frugality,'' wrote economist Mark Skousen. The Catholic philosophers who had gotten it right about prices had been greatly influenced by Aristotle, wrote economist Emil Kauder. From Aristotle they learned that enjoyment of physical pleasure, in moderation, is good. From this, they said the goal of work is to make things to consume. John Calvin's followers disagreed. They emphasized ''hard work and labor toil as not only good but a great good in itself, whereas consumer enjoyment is at best a necessary evil,'' noted economist Murray Rothbard. Smith was a mild Calvinist, but still a Calvinist. ''In (Smith's) mind, diamonds and jewels were vain luxury items and relatively 'useless' compared with water and other 'useful' products, and his economic theory reflected those values,'' Skousen said. Smith thought there was unproductive labor and productive labor. He called the work of musicians and actors frivolous. The work of farmers and other makers of goods was productive, he said. Because he didn't value consumption, Smith failed to see it as the root of economic value. And because Smith thought work so important, he felt that labor must be the source of value. Economists say it's no accident that Smith's labor theory of value was central to the work of Karl Marx. Smith's views gave ammunition to ''socialists and other critics of capitalism who complain about the difference in the marketplace between 'production for profit' and 'production for use,' '' Skousen wrote. Modern economics say production for profit and production for use are the same. A firm makes money only if it makes something people want. The father of economics missed this point. By doing so, he detoured the infant science of economics down the blind road to socialism. But we've figured it out since.