To: George Gilder who wrote (2144 ) 10/13/1999 12:25:00 AM From: SteveG Respond to of 5853
<A> Chemistry, Physics Nobels Awardeddailynews.yahoo.com (and other relevant links:) search.news.yahoo.com By JOSEPH B. VERRENGIA AP Science Writer (** best line IMO is 4th paragraph from bottom **) Scientists in the United States and the Netherlands were awarded Nobel Prizes Tuesday for their efforts to corral some of the fastest, smallest phenomena in the universe and peer into their very cores. None of the winners of the physics and chemistry prizes this year are household names. But the face of the chemistry winner, Ahmed Zewail of the California Institute of Technology, is familiar in his native Egypt, where he appears on two postage stamps. Zewail, 53, was honored for pioneering a revolution in chemistry by using rapid-fire laser flashes that illuminate the motion of atoms in a molecule. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Zewail's work in the late 1980s led to the birth of femtochemistry, the use of high-speed cameras to monitor chemical reactions at a scale of femtoseconds, or 0.000000000000001 seconds (one-quadrillionth of second). ''We have reached the end of the road. No chemical reactions take place faster than this,'' the academy said. ''We can now see the movements of individual atoms as we imagine them. They are no longer invisible.'' Other scientists described Zewail's studies of how chemical bonds break and new molecules form as ''the ultimate level of observation.'' They said that because his work helps researchers manipulate chemical reactions on a fundamental level, it might lead to faster computer chips and ultra-precise machinery. ''Everything in life is getting faster and faster,'' said Henry Kaptyen, a laser expert at the University of Colorado in Boulder. ''This lays the groundwork for technology that will develop over the next 20 to 50 years.'' The Nobel committee surprised a sleeping Zewail with a pre-dawn telephone call to his home in San Marino, Calif., where he was recuperating from a cold. But he said, ''The real excitement is, in fact, in the fundamental discovery itself - the ability to observe and study the behavior of atoms.'' Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman won the physics prize for developing more precise calculations used to predict and confirm the existence of subatomic particles. It is the latest in a series of Nobel prizes for researchers who are inching closer to a unified theory of the forces that control the behavior of matter and the complexities of the universe. Veltman, 68, who lives in the central Dutch town of Bilthoven, is professor emeritus at the University of Michigan and former professor at the University of Utrecht; 't Hooft has been a professor of physics at the University of Utrecht since 1977. Their research provided a more precise roadmap for physicists to find more subatomic particles using more powerful particle accelerators. Accelerators briefly recreate hot, primordial conditions in miniature, to determine whether subatomic particles behave in predicted ways, or even exist at all. Scientists hope that a new accelerator being built in Geneva will confirm the existence of a particle that Veltman and 't Hooft have suggested could be located under the right conditions. Veltman, who acknowledged that his research was often too opaque to explain to his own family, celebrated the award by smoking cigars with friends in his home. ''The main thing you have to do to get the Nobel Prize is not die,'' he said, as his companions roared with laughter. The literature prize was awarded Sept. 30 to German novelist Guenter Grass. The medicine prize was awarded Monday to Dr. Guenter Blobel of New York's Rockefeller University, who discovered how proteins find their rightful places in cells. The economics prize winner is to be announced Wednesday in Stockholm and the peace prize on Friday in Oslo, Norway. The prizes, worth $960,000, are presented on Dec. 10, the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite who established the prizes.