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Pastimes : A CENTURY OF LIONS/THE 20TH CENTURY TOP 100 -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: Edwarda who wrote (1262)	11/4/1999 10:43:00 AM
From: Neocon	Respond to of 3246

Actually, manumission was becoming increasingly common in the Upper South, particularly Virginia and Maryland, by mid-century. There were various reasons: rewarding faithful retainers, raising money by allowing someone to buy himself and his family freedom, bad conscience. Even among those who were formally slaves, quite a number of those who were skilled were permitted to ply their trades for a remittance, and live off of the farm or plantation. It has been estimated that at the time of the outbreak of war, about half of the African Americans in both Baltimore and Richmond were free, and the majority of the remainder were on the "long leash", rather than in service in a household. However, even for the freemen, there was a strong color line, extending to the black community itself, where light skin and European features were highly prized, in spite of their associations with rape and seduction. Not only was there a fear of black political backlash if they became citizens, but racism of a deeper sort had become pervasive, and racial hierarchy was very important in itself....

To: Edwarda who wrote (1262)	11/5/1999 9:35:00 AM
From: Neocon	Read Replies (6) \| Respond to of 3246

Yet another NEW, IMPROVED, SLIGHTLY REVISED TENTATIVE TOP 100--- AND THEN SOME: 1. Winston Churchill 2. Franklin Roosevelt 3. Ronald Reagan 4. Margaret Thatcher 5. Harry Truman 6. George Marshall 7. Douglas MacArthur 8. Dwight Eisenhower 9. Chester Nimitz 10. George Orwell 11. Fred Hayek 12. Milton Friedman 13. John Paul II 14. Alexander Solzhenitsyn 15. Andrei Sakharov 16. George Bush 17. Helmut Kohl 18. Konrad Adenauer 19. Charles DeGaulle 20. Lech Walesa 21. Vaclav Havel 22. John XXIII 23. Martin Luther King 24. T.S. Eliot 25. D.H. Lawrence 26. G.B. Shaw 27. Eugene O'Neill 28. Albert Camus 29. Franz Kafka 30. Herman Hesse 31. Thomas Mann 32. Sigmund Freud 33. Carl Jung 34. Martin Heidegger 35. Karl Jaspers 36. Martin Buber 37. C.S. Lewis 38. G.K. Chesterton 39. Kemal Ataturk 40. Henry Ford 41. The Wright Brothers (in tandem) 42. Marconi/Tesla (acknowledging the dispute) 43. Vladimir Zworkin/Philo Farnsworth (both contributed crucially to television) 44. Alan Turing (computer) 45. George Stibitz (more or less the father of the computer) 46. Goddard/Von Braun 47. Marie and Pierre Curie (in tandem) 48. Albert Einstein 49. Niels Bohr 50. Werner Heisenberg 51. Boris Yeltsin 52. Bardeen/Shockley/Brattain (the transistor) 53. Hoff/Mazor/Faggin (the microprocessor) 54. Paul Erlich (chemotherapy) 55. Alexander Fleming (penicillin) 56. Gerhard Domagk (sulfa drugs) 57. Salk/Sabin (polio vaccine) 58. Watson & Crick (DNA model) 59. William Halsted (surgery) 60. Fred Albee (bone grafting) 61. The Mayo Brothers (surgery) 62. Christian Bernard (transplantation) 63. James Joyce 64. D.W. Griffith 65. Charles Chaplin 66. Frank Capra 67. John Ford 68. John Huston 69. Orson Welles 70. Jean Renoir 71. Federico Fellini 72. Ingmar Bergman 73. Walt Disney 74. Mikhail Gorbachev 75. Louis Armstrong 76. Duke Ellington 77. George & Ira Gershwin 78. Rogers and Hammerstein 79. Robert Johnson 80. Frank Sinatra 81. Elvis Presley 82. The Beatles 83. Barry Gordy 84. Bob Dylan 85. Joni Mitchell 86. David Bowie 87. Pablo Picasso 88. Henri Matisse 89. Piet Mondrian 90. Wassily Kandinsky 91. Constantin Brancusi 92. Marcel Duchamp 93. Jackson Pollack 94. Willem De Kooning 95. Frank Lloyd Wright 96. Louis Sullivan 97. Walter Gropius 98. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 99. Igor Stravinsky 100. Theodore Roosevelt