Perspektiven und Wahrnehmungen ( Perspectives and perceptions):Kausalit„t und Unvorhersagbarkeit (Causality and undeterminableness)
(Stiftungsvorlesung-Donation lecture)
Prof. Dr. E. C. G. Sudarshan
šbersetzung von Hans-Florian Geerdes
Im t„glichen Leben ist die Welt ein rationeller Ort, an dem wir die unmittelbare Zukunft vorhersagen und uns auf sie vorbereiten k”nnen. Wir sind aber erstaunt, wenn grundlose Ereignisse stattfinden: Manche von ihnen verstehen wir erst viel sp„ter in unserem Leben, andere berhaupt nicht.
Solchem Verst„ndnis geht eine Ver„nderung unserer Perspektive voraus. Einige Beispiele aus der Physik machen dies anschaulich:
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Translation of Hans Florian Geerdes
In the daily life the world is a rational place, at which we can predict the direct future and prepare us for them. We are however surprised, if groundless events take place: We do not understand some of them only many later in our life, other one at all.
A modification of our perspective precedes such understanding. Some examples from physics make this descriptive:
1. If a set of runners with different rates on an even course run, then its relative order is preserved always; if the same runners run however on a circular path, then they lose each appearance of the order and appear chaotic. The chaos will however disappear, as soon as we include the number of the completed rounds of each runner. The cyclic process is thus no more cyclic, but rather movement on a Helix .
2. The maps of the earth on flat paper sheets. Some distortions and breaks of the earth's surface are inevitable, then disappear however all during the figure on a globe.
3. Also quantum systems, which are described in a language without quantum terms, bring anomalies and paradoxes with itself, which resolve themselves, if one regards this description as image of a higher quantum reality. (at present!) the research front of the " Dekoherenztheorie " (Dekoherenz theory)forms the boundaries of the usefulness of such figures.
4. During the occupation with the deterministic chaos one discovers repetitive movement loops, which one can untangle by the counting of the passed loops
Chaos and undeterminableness are the price, which we pay for the luxury of a simpler perspective and perception. A higher perspective changes the perception and reveals new connections.
Causality and open systems:
Science and philosophy concern themselves both with our experience of the world. Tried physics, the world as a quantity of events and processes in space and time, connected by a causality chain to let become visible.
In simple systems this causality chain is equivalent to the predictableness of later events and processes, provided that the status momentary of the system admits is. So a world is thus by their status described at each time completely. The future status is just like the past a printout of the present. There is the time, but no development. Somewhat really new never occurs.
The interactions of the system very often contain however groups of objects, constantly extend and it are neither possible nor desirable to include all this into the system. The knowledge around the present becomes worthless in the course of the time, a gradual expiry of the causality chain takes place. This process brings, from the present into the future arranged, the development with itself, the sense to the time.
The influence of external items is often used as means, in order to limit the effectiveness of causality and to bring a certain degree of the Unvorhersagbarkeit (Unpredictableness) into the system. It is remarkable that the corrupting influence of the environment is considered only for the future, not however for the past.
Deterministic chaos:
There is however still another another mechanism, which leads to the loss of the predictableness, it is called deterministic chaos. If a number of people an open distance runs along and starts all of the same point, then its sequence would be determined in the process of the time by their rate and would be preserved therefore over the time. If one regards now the same runners on a circular path, then they would have brought many circulation behind itself in the process the time. Their sequence indicates no relation to their rates and can therefore with the time change. It is not a problem to calculate the position of each runner after a given time its relative positions (its sequence) is however chaotic. This case of the " deterministic chaos " means that order for all practical interests the chaos yields. This special type of the chaos is called " deterministic chaos ", because we the positions of the individual runners always precisely to determine can.
Jagat:
If one decides, physics around thermodynamics to extend cosmology and direct personal experience then we find new perceptions of the regularity, for example if we the second master record of the thermodynamics include, which it means that " entropy (disorder) is inclined to it, over the time to grow ". We have an arranged time. The corruption of the order by lost relations with the " external " world can be used as assertion for the second master record. The deterministic chaos seems to be however a really independent effect, independently of the outside conditions, which bring the same type of phenomena with itself. Even if we regard the universe as an individual physical system, then there are outward influences, which promote the entropy outside of its no physical effect, which supplies yardsticks for space and time, let alone.
If our personal experience in the universe is regarded, then we surely plan our activities in accordance with this causality chain and the increasing entropy. It is to be assumed very enticing that we are " hardly physical " also. We know two branched trees: Have on the one hand the phaenomenalistischen effects in the future, determined in that causes. On the other hand we are however occasionally, mostly if we look back on the past, fixed of it convinced that it seems to give a purposeful chain of event quantities, with which the Teleologie apply: The cause is situated in the result and in the future, the branches is however situated in the past. Reminds strongly of the strange Aswatha tree, whose branches grow downward and its roots upward; he is regarded in the Bhagawad Ghita mentioned (Urdhvamulam athasakham aswattham prahuravyam Gita X). can reveal so different relations the same world, under different perspectives?
The order in the chaos becomes clear:
The crucial point is the change of the perspective. Which in the perspective appears chaotic, probably looks in another. So we can for example in the case of the runners, which run on a circular path, which add number of passed through rounds to their position on this course. This is equivalent to unfold the way or to regard also the circulation as circulation on a Helix.The deterministic chaos will now to a simple deterministic movement and can in forward and backwards-arranged senses of the time be regarded. It does not take place an information loss and no increase of the entropy. In the limited case of this system one possesses the " knowledge over the three times, past, future and present ".
Exactly the same the case of the correlations with " external " objects presents itself. Such connections can be never found by measurements of the system at only one point in time and if correlations in the future must themselves have resulted in to occur, then also correlations in the past. In the border line that we can investigate the increased total system, it can be excluded it, otherwise only a statistical description of the subsystem remains for us.
The higher perspective contains the lower:
The observer with the higher information quality cannot only make the forecast over the later supervisor state, how he sees him; it can project it also on the lower level of the perception. The " higher " observer can make distinctions between supervisor states, which are for the " lower " viewer the same status. So we have a sharper perception of the world with higher perspective also. The world is actually certain by our perception level.
We spoke of Teleologie and causality. The observed system, embedded in the universe, is involved into a double tree of the correlations. If these correlations are only partly considered, then to have we causality or Teleologie. These are scrap views, the overall view are a network of inter and Intrabeziehungen (intra-relations), whose focuses are the objects and events. The subsystem is only an artificial cut into this far structure. If this isolation is once made, then it is no longer possible for us to take care of the relations directly it shows up only than interference in the dynamics of the subsystem.
In the overall view we detect also the necessity to see the universe as network of processes which converge on objects and diverge from them. The objects actually actually lose - up to their meaning as sources and lowering processes - at relevance.
Language and distortion:
Realising the meaning of the processes is still more significantly in the quantum world, where the dynamic attributes are identified such as position and movement with processes, in particular the processes of changing the movement status or the modification of the position. If such takes place in a union, we can specify both qualities not at the same time. Sometimes this is called the " Heisenberg uncertainty relation ".
Such an uncertainty relation is actually no lack of precision, but only one impression, which results from the formulation in the normal language. It behaves as with the attempt, a way on the globe by a line on a map, which is an even piece paper to record: The card distorted, different cards distort differently. It gives however on the globe no distortions. This simple example applies to all attempts to describe quantum processes conventionally. Occasionally humans flee themselves in extraordinarily sophisticated logic and complicated computing laws, in order to adjust the inadequacies of the language. One can overcome thus some difficulties, by using the suitable language, which is often a mathematical language.
Even in the daily life we encounter the requirement at a more global perception. If we regard a sculpture from a perspective, then we receive a view, from another perspective another. These are different aspects; their fusion is a three-dimensional unit of all of these aspects. The reality has so a nature course. No individual aspect is perfectly, only all, merged the conglomerate from them into an aspect on a higher organization level. Poetic ones and other artistic creation facilitate this process.
Can one think at all in quantum language? While most people would answer this in the negative, is my impression that many of us can do it and. Can we express however these thoughts successively in normal language? Possibly not. They are lost between pasyanti and vykhari.
If we ask for the results of a measurement of a physical system, we can give often only a statistical response, for example if we ask for the number of radioactive Zerfaellen in a certain time. For the number of impacts on a photodetector, which is lit up with even light, we receive a multiplicity of responses with a certain probability distribution. Does that mean that we can speak of a stochastic process? Such a description is very practical, since one can build the neglected correlations to the environment into the stochastic process. It shows up however that such descriptions are not possible on all levels, for example with celebrated double slot interference the attempt, with which suitable light lights up two parallel slots. The light from these two slots falls on a screen, where the interrelation of the light, which leads in two ways at the screen arrived, at a tape from alternating bright and dark zones. One calls this sample " interference samples ". A photon (the light quantum) goes with a probability from 50% through each of the two slots. These probabilities can be responsible for the intensity sample - up to the points between to brighten exactly and the dark edge - not. So a sequence of quantum events does not have always a statistical description. In the rare cases, in which she has it, one speaks of " Dekohaerenz ". The study of the Dekohaerenz is at present a very active forschungsgebiet (research subject). In other cases it is not of importance to determine the probability distribution of dynamic variables. In its place quantum mechanics permits the concept of the probability amplitudes. As said, if one assumes the quantum system in amplitude terms, then there are no problems. The understanding requires an enormous extension of our concept repertoire.
Unfolding the golden Helix:
We want to return again to the discussion of the " deterministic chaos ". All these movements contain instabilities in the sense that to enormous modifications can lead small modification of the initial conditions in the long term. Most of these movements have almost cyclic processes. In each circulation exists only a small difference, which is however strengthened. Even if we consider the number of the circulation, we can see therefore the movement as even. The movement must be unfolded as Helix into an additional dimension. While this is not necessarily important for cases such as turbulences in liquids or billard with egg-shaped balls, the lesson can be relevant over unfolding systems into larger systems for our understanding of such ideas like the knowledge over the three times (Trikala jnana) and the observation of peace in the motion etc..
In an unpublished writing over " Laya " professor Surendra Barlingay plays on on this fine perception in the music: While a group is repeated by Swaras several times, what forms an apparent periodicity, the melody is a fine index, which counts the number of these cycles. The true cycle is only unfolding the whole sequence on a helischen time sequence. The available development remains hidden behind the expressed repetition.
Perhaps this has also a relevance for the lesson, which was learned in the cycle of the events, the cycle of the wiedergeburt (rebirth). We often appear in the " same " forecast and in the " same " difficulty. If we detect now the repetition, then we win slowly at wisdom. Thus it is said in the Gita, in the dialog between Arjuna and Krishna.
IV 4 (Arjuna)
late is your birth, in former times the birth Vivasvat's; how am I to understand this that you [ the teachings ] first verkuendigt have?
IV 5 (Krishna)
numerous are my earlier births, and [ also ] yours, o Arjuna. Those know I all; you do not know it, o Bedraenger of the enemies.
VII of 10 (Krishna)
as the eternal germ all natures detect me, o Sohn of the Prtha. The understanding that informing am I, which became appreciates, [... ]
If our perception becomes finer and more perfect, the world more nature courses shows. Nature is completely new, if we renew ourselves. The perspectives really determine the spectrum of the perception.
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