Invent an analyst? They did not exist before? Wow! Have you seen this $3 M judgement? "PLAYBOY ENTERPRISES, INC., Plaintiff, v. ASIAFOCUS INTERNATIONAL, INC., Internet Promotions, Inc., Graham Daley, and Alan SMITH, Defendants
No. Civ.A. 97-734-A.
United States District Court, E.D. Virginia.
April 10, 1998.
Jonathan T. Cain, Mays & Valentine, LLP, McLean, VA, for Playboy Enterprises, Inc., plaintiff.
ORDER
HILTON, J.
This case came before the Court on the Report and Recommendation of Magistrate Judge Jones of February 2, 1998.
Based on a de novo review of the evidence of this case, the Court adopts the findings and recommendation of the
Magistrate Judge. It is hereby
ORDERED that default judgment is entered for the plaintiff against all defendants, jointly and severally in the amount of
$3,000,000 plus costs and, upon tender of supporting affidavit, reasonable attorneys' fees.
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
JONES, Magistrate J.
This action arises under the Lanham Act of 1946, 15 U.S.C. õ 1051 et seq. and is a civil action for trademark
infringement, false designation of origin, unfair competition and dilution, and common law trademark infringement and
unfair competition under the common law of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Process was served on the defendants
pursuant to the Hague Convention. Default was entered by the Clerk on August 25, 1997. Pursuant to Local Rule 72,
the case was heard on October 29, 1997, on the plaintiff's application for default judgment. The magistrate judge
subsequently asked for a supplemental brief on personal jurisdiction, which has been provided.
FACT SUMMARY
Based on the complaint, documents submitted in support of the application, and testimony by the plaintiff's witnesses,
the magistrate judge finds as follows:
The plaintiff ("PEI"), is a Delaware corporation having offices in New York, New York and a principal place of
business in Chicago, Illinois. (Kaiser Decl. at 2; Compl. at 1). Defendant AsiaFocus International, Inc. ("AsiaFocus") is
a foreign corporation having its principal place of business in either Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands. (Complaint
at 2; Exs. B, G). Defendant Internet Promotions, Inc. is a Hong Kong corporation with its principal place of business in
Hong Kong. (Compl. at 3). Defendant Graham Daley is an individual citizen and resident of Hong Kong. (Compl. at
4). Defendant Alan Smith is an individual citizen and resident of Hong Kong. These two individual defendants
substantially own, control and operate defendants AsiaFocus and Internet Promotions, Inc. (Compl. at 5).
For many years, and continuously, prior to the defendants' acts that are in issue, PEI has published the men's
entertainment magazine Playboy, featuring photographs of nude women, celebrity interviews, and articles of general
interest. (Compl. at 10; Kaiser Decl. 3). Playboy magazine is published and distributed in interstate commerce,
including the Commonwealth of Virginia, by PEI. Playboy magazine is also distributed throughout the world and is
published in 15 international editions. (Compl. at 11; Kaiser Decl. 3). Continuously since long prior to the defendants'
acts, the plaintiff has sold, through itself and its licensees, a wide variety of merchandise under the trademarks
PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY, in interstate commerce including the Commonwealth of Virginia. (Compl. at 12, 16;
Kaiser Decl. at 11).
PEI owns federal trademark registrations for a variety of goods and services including (1) http:www.playboy.com
(Reg. No. 2,011,646 for computer services); (2) PLAYBOY (Reg. No. 791,734 for playing cards); (3) PLAYMATE
(Reg. No. 721,987 for calendars; (4) PLAYMATE (Reg. No. 777,867 for key chains); and (5) PLAYMATE (Reg.
No. 1,308,903 for watches) (Kaiser Decl. 18). (Compl. at 13, 17; Kaiser Decl. 7; Exs. E, F). [FN1] PEI and its
licensees have spent considerable time and money promoting the PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE trademarks
nationwide and throughout the world. (Compl. at 14). As a result of PEI's long-standing use of the PLAYBOY and
PLAYMATE trademarks, the trademarks have become famous and have developed significant goodwill and
secondary meaning, so that the public has come to associate them exclusively with PEI. (Compl. at 15, 20; Kaiser
Decl at 9).
FN1. Unless otherwise noted, exhibits referenced herein are annexed to PEI's Memorandum of Law in Support of its
Application for Default Judgment.
PEI owns two sites on the Internet on the World Wide Web. Both sites prominently feature PEI's trademarks
PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE, as well as photographs, articles, PEI merchandise, videos and subscription information
for Playboy Magazine. (Compl. at 21; Natale Decl. at 6).
The federal government requires people and entities wishing to appear on the Internet to register their Internet domain
names with InterNIC, an organization run for the government by Network Solutions, Inc. ("NSI"), of Herndon,
Virginia. (Compl. at 29; Carr Decl. at 2). Domain names may be registered upon payment of a $100 fee and the
completion of an on-line template called the "NSI Registration Agreement". (Compl. at 30; Ex. H). NSI makes no
independent determination of an applicant's right to use the requested domain name. The NSI Registration Agreement
provides that "[t]he party requesting registration of [the] name certifies that, to her/his knowledge, the use of [the] name
does not violate trademark or other statutes." (Compl. at 31; Ex. H). Pursuant to the NSI Registration Agreement, a
registrant must designate persons to serve as administrative, technical, and billing contacts. (Compl. at 32; Ex. H).
Applicants to NSI for a domain name registration agree to be bound by the terms of the NSI Domain Name Policy
Statement. The Policy Statement provides:
These guidelines, as amended, and the registration agreement (template) together constitute the complete and exclusive
agreement of the parties regarding domain names. These guidelines supersede and govern all prior proposals,
agreements, or other communications between the parties. Registrant agrees that registration of a domain name
constitutes an agreement to be bound by this policy, as amended from time to time.
(Compl. at 36; Ex. H).
The defendants have created and maintained several Internet World Wide Web sites which were accessible throughout
the United States, including the Commonwealth of Virginia and within this judicial district. On these Web sites, the
defendants solicited sales of merchandise and of subscriptions for the privilege of viewing pictures, etc. over the
Internet. (Compl. at 38; Carr Decl. 19; Ex. V). The defendants have promoted their Web sites, adult photo collections
and merchandise in such a way as to create a false association between the defendants and PEI. The defendants have
provided adult nude photos on the Web pages located at the ASIAN-PLAYMATES.COM and
PLAYMATES-ASIAN.COM. addresses. (Compl. at 39).
Defendant Graham Daley is the Director of AsiaFocus and is listed as the "Administrative Contact" for the Internet
domain names registered to AsiaFocus. (Compl. at 33; Ex. G). Defendant Alan Smith is the administrative, technical,
billing and zone contact for ASIAN-PLAYMATES.COM and PLAYMATES- ASIAN.COM. (Compl. at 34; Ex.
G). When Daley designated himself as the "Administrative Contact" for the internet site, by contract he was thereby
holding himself out as a person who was "aware of the behavior of the hosts [of the site], and [able to] take prompt
action on reports of problems ... a responsible person who has the authority to either enforce these actions himself or
delegate them to someone else." Plaintiff's Supplemental Memorandum of Law at 5-6. In January, 1997, defendant
Smith replaced Daley as Administrative Contact, and also undertook other responsibilities. Id. at 8. The magistrate
judge therefore finds that Daley and Smith willfully participated in the infringing acts, and that their continuing
participation in the infringement was blatant, even after PEI's cease-and-desist demand, so that their acts rise to the
level of bad faith misconduct.
The defendants have used the plaintiff's registered trademarks PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY within the domain names,
ASIAN-PLAYMATES.COM and PLAYMATES-ASIAN.COM. as part of the Web pages offered under those
addresses. The upper left corner of each page bore the words "Asian Playmates." The URL appeared in the upper
right corner of each page and read as follows: asian-playmates.com. (Compl. at 42; Carr Decl. 9). The
defendants also used the trademark PLAYMATE in their electronic mail address playmates@pinmail.com, and on
almost every page of their Web site in a graphic entitled "ASIAN-PLAYMATES FOR THE PLAYBOY IN ALL OF
US." (Compl. at 40; Ex. I; Carr Decl. 9-10).
The defendants have purposefully employed deceptive tactics to attract consumers to their Web site under the guise
that their sites are sponsored by or somehow affiliated with PEI. Specifically, the defendants embedded PEI's
trademarks "playboy" and "playmate" within the Web sites' computer source code which is visible to "search engines"
that look for Web sites containing specific words or phrases specified by computer users. (Carr Decl. Decl., 13; Ex.
K). Thus, a consumer conducting a search for PEI's Web site by typing in the trademark "Playboy" or "Playmate"
would receive a search engine-generated list which included the asian-playmates Web site. (Carr Decl. 13-14; Exs. K,
L). Through the defendants' willful deception, consumers have been misled into believing the asian-playmates Web site
is connected with, or somehow sponsored by, PEI.
The PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE trademarks were also utilized by the defendants to promote the sale of goods and
services including playing cards, calendars, wrist watches, and key chains, which may be ordered by computer e-mail.
(Carr Decl. 6; Exs. N, S, T).
The defendants have actively encouraged other Web sites to promote the infringing asian-playmates collection.
Through a "Click for Cash" program, the defendants offered monetary compensation to other Web site owners who
displayed the asian-playmates banner on their Web sites. Each Web site would receive $.04 for each "hit" that
asian-playmates received from that respective Web site where the banner appears. (Carr Decl. 16; Ex. Q).
There is also evidence of actual confusion. PEI has received at least one letter from a consumer who believed PEI
sponsored www.asian-playmates.com. (Kaiser Decl. 21; Ex. M). The consumer expressed disappointment to PEI that
he could not access www.asian-playmates.com in Hong Kong.
The defendants are not now and have never been authorized by PEI to use the PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE
trademarks in connection with any business or service. (Compl. at 45; Kaiser Decl. 20).
Until recently, the defendants had not complied with PEI's requests to cease using the Playboy trademarks. (Compl. at
46; Ex. A). The defendants responded to PEI's cease-and-desist demand by requesting or demanding a six-month
transition period, which PEI rejected. Id. Then, around the end of October, 1997, the defendants apparently ceased all
infringing and counterfeit uses of PEI's marks. Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Further Support of Application for
Maximum Statutory Damage Award at 1-2.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Jurisdiction.
Each defendant was properly served with process. The record reflects that on May 19, 1997, the plaintiff served the
summons and complaint on the Secretary of the Commonwealth as statutory agent for each defendant in accordance
with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(f) and Section 8.01-329 of the Code of Virginia, as amended. The process
served on the Secretary of the Commonwealth provided the last known address of each defendant, as obtained from
InterNIC, discussed supra. On May 22, 1997, the Secretary of the Commonwealth forwarded the complaint and
summonses against AsiaFocus International, Inc., Internet Promotions, Inc., Graham Daley, and Alan Smith by first
class mail to the Chief Secretary of Hong Kong at the Central Government Offices. The magistrate judge finds that this
service complies with the Hague Convention on Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or
Commercial Matters.
As the plaintiff recognizes, the court's personal jurisdiction over the foreign defendants on the federal trademark claims,
as well as the state law claims, depends on application of the Virginia long arm statute. See American Network, Inc. v.
Access America/Connect Atlanta Inc., 975 F.Supp. 494, 496 (S.D.N.Y.1997). The magistrate judge finds that
personal jurisdiction exists over all defendants on at least two bases.
First, the magistrate judge finds that the court has personal jurisdiction over each defendant under Virginia Code õ
8.01-328.1(A)(4) (jurisdiction over defendants "causing tortious injury in this Commonwealth by an act or omission
outside this Commonwealth if he regularly does or solicits business, or engages in any other persistent course of
conduct ... in this Commonwealth"). The complaint alleges that the corporate defendants have caused tortious injury in
Virginia, and that they regularly solicit business in Virginia, within the meaning of that statute.
Long arm jurisdiction over defendants whose activity involves computers linked to the Internet is a new and evolving
jurisprudence. There is little appellate authority yet, and some of the district courts' decisions are arguably inconsistent.
In the default-judgment context of the present case, it suffices to say that the magistrate judge has examined the
plaintiff's allegations in light of the precedents and finds that personal jurisdiction clearly exists pursuant to Virginia
Code õ 8.01-328.1(A)(4) on the authority of the most-analogous, better-reasoned decisions. In particular, the
magistrate judge has relied upon Zippo Manufacturing Company v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F.Supp. 1119
(W.D.Pa.1997), and Maritz, Inc. v. Cybergold, Inc., 947 F.Supp. 1328 (E.D.Mo.1996), and the authorities there
cited; and on Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 104 Sup.Ct. 1473, 79 L.Ed.2d 790 (1984), a
non-Internet defamation case that is closely analogous on its facts.
Reading the federal trademark and copyright precedents together with the Virginia long arm statute incorporated into
Rule 4, it is equally clear that the willful, bad-faith tortious conduct of defendants Daley and Smith also brings them
within this court's personal jurisdiction pursuant to Virginia Code õ 8.01-328.1(A)(4). See Plaintiff's Supplemental
Memorandum of Law at õ I(A-E) (pp. 2-8).
On the authority of Telco Communications Group, Inc., v. An Apple A Day, Inc., Civil Action No. 97-542-A
(E.D.Va.1997), and of Krantz v. Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l, 245 Va. 202, 427 S.E.2d 326 (1993), the magistrate
judge also concludes that personal jurisdiction exists over each defendant under Virginia Code õ 8.01-328.1(A)(3),
because each act of access to the defendants' Internet sites by a Virginia computer user completed a "tortious injury by
an act ... in this Commonwealth." [FN2]
FN2. The plaintiff also cites the Telco decision for jurisdiction under subsection (A)(4), but the facts in Telco are at
least arguably distinguishable as to that subsection.
(The plaintiff also argues that the defendants "transacted business" in Virginia within the meaning of Virginia Code õ
8.01-328.1[A][1] by registering their Internet sites with NSI. The magistrate judge is not satisfied that the federal
government's fortuitous selection of a Virginia firm to manage Internet domain names, and the resulting requirement that
each of many thousands of people and entities "transact business" with that firm by registering their Internet sites with
the firm, means that each registrant is thereby subjected to Virginia's long arm jurisdiction, even assuming a
constitutionally adequate nexus between the act of registration and the acts sued upon. Because jurisdiction clearly
exists on other bases, the court need not decide these issues in this default judgment context, and the magistrate judge
recommends that the court not find jurisdiction under Virginia Code õ 8.01-328.1[A][1].)
B. Confusion.
The PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE trademarks are federally registered trademarks and are therefore protected by
Section 32 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. õ 1114(1) which provides protection against:
any reproduction, counterfeit, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale,
distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause
confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.
15 U.S.C. õ 1114(1). The PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE trademarks are also protected by Section 42 of the Lanham
Act, 15 U.S.C. õ 1125(a) which protects registered and unregistered marks against the use of any word, term, symbol
or mark that
is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such
person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial
activities by another person ... or in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics,
qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities.
15 U.S.C. õ 1125(a)(1)(A)(B).
To prevail in actions under these statutes in this Circuit, "a complainant must demonstrate that it has a valid, protected
trademark and that the defendant's use of a colorable imitation of the trademark is likely to cause confusion among
consumers." Lone Star Steakhouse & Saloon v. Alpha of Virginia, 43 F.3d 922, 930 (4th Cir.1995). PEI has
submitted ample evidence concerning the validity of the PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE trademarks, thereby
establishing that it owns a valid, protected trademark. Thus, the question remaining for the court to determine is
whether the defendants' use of the Internet domain names "asian-playmates.com" and "playmates-asian.com" would
likely cause confusion among consumers on the Internet.
In making this determination, courts examine seven factors: 1) the strength or distinctiveness of the mark; 2) the
similarity of the two marks; 3) the similarity of the goods/services the marks identify; 4) the similarity of the facilities the
two parties use in their businesses; 5) the similarity of the advertising used by the two parties; 6) the defendant's intent;
and 7) actual confusion. Pizzeria Uno Corp. v. Temple, 747 F.2d 1522, 1527 (4th Cir.1984). It is not necessary that
all the factors be implicated in a specific case or that all the factors be found in the registrant's favor for a finding of
likelihood of confusion. Id.
Most important among the seven factors is the distinctiveness or strength of the mark. Courts have classified marks
submitted for registration into four groups in an ascending order of strength or distinctiveness: 1) generic; 2) descriptive;
3) suggestive; and 4) arbitrary or fanciful. Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World, Inc., 189 U.S.P.Q. 759, 537
F.2d 4, 9 (2nd Cir.1976). Generic marks receive the least trademark protection while arbitrary or fanciful marks
receive the highest level of protection. Other courts have previously classified PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE as
suggestive marks "since they implicitly refer to their products' qualities." PEI v. George Frena, et. al., 839 F.Supp.
1552, 1559. See also PEI v. P.K. Sorren Export Co. Inc. of Florida, 546 F.Supp. 987, 995 (S.D.Fl.1982).
PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE are well- known marks and are widely associated with PEI's products. As a result,
they have acquired substantial distinctiveness among consumers and are therefore entitled to a high degree of
protection. See PEI v. Chuckleberry Publishing, Inc., 486 F.Supp. 414, 419 (S.D.N.Y.1980).
Several of the other factors also favor a finding that the defendants' use of the terms "playboy" and "playmate" is likely
to cause confusion. The defendants' Web site consists of computer images of nude women, which is also the core of
PEI's business. Although the defendants' use of the term "playmate" as the main component of the domain names
asian-playmates.com and playmates- asian.com. did not exactly duplicate PEI's mark, minor differences between the
registered mark and the unauthorized use of the mark do not preclude liability under the Lanham Act. See Lone Star
Steakhouse, supra, (finding use of "Lone Star Grill" to be an infringement of registered mark "Lone Star Steakhouse &
Saloon"). The defendants also used the slogan "FOR THE PLAYBOY IN ALL OF US" on the home page of each
Web site. The defendants offered merchandise such as key chains, calendars, wrist watches, and pens under the
asian-playmates name. PEI owns federal trademark registrations for each of these types of goods. PEI has presented
evidence of at least one instance of actual consumer confusion. (Kaiser Decl. 21; Ex. M). Finally, both parties use the
Internet as a facility to provide goods and services.
The magistrate judge therefore finds a strong likelihood that the consuming public would believe that the defendants'
Web site was sponsored by or somehow affiliated with PEI, given (1) the strength of PEI's trademarks PLAYBOY
and PLAYMATE; (2) the defendants' unauthorized use of the identical marks PLAYBOY and PLAYMATE; (3) the
similarity of the goods and services offered by PEI and the defendants; (4) the evidence of actual confusion; and (5)
that the Internet is the exact marketing channel used by both PEI and the defendants. See Cardservice Int'l. Inc. v.
McGee, 950 F.Supp. 737, 740 (E.D.Va.1997) (citing Pizzeria Uno Corp. v. Temple, 747 F.2d 1522, 1527 (4th
Cir.1984).
C. Dilution.
The defendants are also liable for dilution of PEI's trademarks PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY. Section 43(c) of the
Lanham Act, provides protection to the owner of a famous mark
against another person's commercial use in commerce of a mark or trade name, if such use begins after the mark has
become famous and causes dilution of the distinctive quality of the famous mark.
15 U.S.C. õ 1125(c)(1).
Dilution occurs when the capacity of a famous mark to identify and distinguish its goods or services is reduced due to
another's unauthorized use of the mark. See 15 U.S.C. õ 1127. "Dilution is grounded on the idea that a trademark can
lose its 'ability ... to clearly and unmistakably distinguish one source' through unauthorized use." Hormel Foods Corp. v.
Jim Henson Productions, Inc., 73 F.3d 497, 506 (2d Cir.1996) (quoting 3 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair
Competition õ 24.13[1][a] at 24-106 (3d ed.1995)).
The statute establishes a two-part test for determining when relief is available under the statute. First, the mark sought
to be protected must be famous. Second, the accused mark must "dilute" the famous mark by "lessening [its] capacity
... to identify and distinguish goods or services," or by tarnishing or disparaging the goodwill embodied in the mark. 15
U.S.C. õ 1127. The statute protects a trademark holder from unauthorized uses of the mark regardless of competition
or likelihood of confusion. See 15 U.S .C. õ 1125(c).
The magistrate judge concludes that the defendants' activities clearly diluted PEI's PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY
trademarks. The fame of PEI's PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY marks cannot reasonably be disputed. The trademarks
have acquired such goodwill and secondary meaning through national and international advertising and promotion that
the public has come to associate the PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY trademarks exclusively with PEI. It is clear that the
capacity of PEI to identify its goods and services was diminished by the defendants' use of the terms to promote not
only their Web site, but the goods and services offered in connection therewith.
The plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to establish that the blurring of the distinctiveness of PLAYMATE and
PLAYBOY was willful. The defendants specifically chose to copy famous trademarks for a well-known source of
"adult" entertainment for use in their own "adult" service. In doing so, they reaped the benefit of the public's established
association of the trademarks PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY with adult entertainment. No other purpose appears for
choosing PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY but to create that false association in the mind of the consuming public.
The defendants' willfulness is further established by their purposeful tactic of embedding the trademarks PLAYMATE
and PLAYBOY in the hidden computer source code. This strategy epitomizes the "blurring" of PEI's trademarks.
When a search engine led a consumer to the asian-playmates Web site in response to a search of PEI's trademarks,
the consumer would probably believe that the defendants' Web site was affiliated with PEI.
D. Damages.
PEI has been damaged by the defendants' infringing acts. The accessibility of the infringing Web sites, the defendants'
successful number of hits, and the blatant display of PEI's trademarks are all factors that compound PEI's damage. The
defendants' violations of Section 32 of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. õ 1114(1) (Count I); Section 43 of the Lanham
Act, 15 U.S.C. õ 1125(a) (Count II); and 15 U.S.C. õ 1125(c) (Count III) warrant the award of statutory damages
under 15 U.S.C. õ 1117(c), which provides:
In a case involving the use of a counterfeit mark ... in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or distribution of goods
or services, the plaintiff may elect ... to recover, instead of actual damages and profits under subsection (a) of this
section, an award of statutory damages for any such use in connection with the sale, offering for sale, or distribution of
goods or services in the amount of--
1)not less than $500 or more than $100,000 per counterfeit mark per type of goods or services sold, offered for sale,
or distributed, as the court considers just; or
2)if the court finds that the use of the counterfeit mark was willful, not more than $1,000,000 per counterfeit mark per
type of goods or services sold, offered for sale, or distributed, as the court considers just.
15 U.S.C. õ 1117(c).
The defendants' multiple uses of the trademarks PLAYMATE and PLAYBOY constitute uses of "counterfeit marks"
which are defined as:
mark[s] that [are] registered on the principal register in the United States Patent and Trademark Office for such goods
or services sold, offered for sale, or distributed and that is in use, whether or not the person against whom relief is
sought knew such mark was so registered ...
15 U.S.C. õ 1116(d)(1)(B)(i).
The defendants have made unauthorized uses of the following PEI trademarks (1) http:www.playboy.com (Reg. No.
2,011,646 for computer services); (2) PLAYBOY (Reg. No. 791,734 for playing cards); (3) PLAYMATE (Reg. No.
721,987 for calendars; (4) PLAYMATE (Reg. No. 777,867 for key chains); and (5) PLAYMATE (Reg. No.
1,308,903 for watches).
The magistrate judge concludes that the willful infringement embodied in the offending websites themselves is sufficiently
broad, extensive, blatant, and willful to warrant award of the maximum statutory amount of $1,000,000. The willful
infringement by offer for sale of four different categories of merchandise, which occurred on the infringing Internet sites
and is somewhat subsidiary, warrants lower individual statutory amounts in the magistrate judge's view. The magistrate
judge concludes that an award of $500,000 for each merchandise category will adequately fulfill the purposes of the
statutes.
E. Attorneys' Fe |
