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Technology Stocks : Frank Coluccio Technology Forum - ASAP -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?


To: Frank A. Coluccio who wrote (1510)4/27/2000 12:28:00 AM
From: Frank A. Coluccio  Respond to of 1782
 
cont. from previous post, Corning article:

"Fibre Optic Cable: Unsung Hero"

All-Optical Destiny

For years, the commercial use of optical fibres for voice and data
transmission was merely a dream. The problem was one of light loss
over distance. In 1970, three Corning, Inc. researchers, Robert
Maurer, Donald Keck and Peter Schultz successfully solved the
problem. They created the first optical waveguides -- glass fibres
made from fused silica -- which maintained the strength of laser light
signals over significant distances.

In the early 1980s, standard single-mode optical fibre became
available for commercial use. This fibre was optimised for use in the
1310 nm operating window. This window had minimal chromatic
dispersion, but not a minimal attenuation. In the mid-1980s,
dispersion-shifted optical fibres were developed which shifted the
minimum chromatic dispersion to the 1550 nm operating window
where attenuation is lower. End users could then take advantage of
both minimal chromatic dispersion and attenuation. With the
development of the erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) in the early
1990s, end users began to move toward multiple wavelengths on a
single optical fibre. Unfortunately, multiple wavelengths can lead to
unwanted interactions in the presence of very low chromatic
dispersion. To combat this, non-zero dispersion-shifted optical fibres
were developed. These fibres continued to be optimised for use in the
1550 nm operating window; however, they had a small amount of
chromatic dispersion to mitigate such non-linear effects as four wave
mixing in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems.

The development of dispersion-shifted and non-zero
dispersion-shifted optical fibres has thus enabled higher data rates
over longer distances. The need for regeneration electronics has been
decreased, lowering system cost and improving reliability.

With the advent of DWDM systems, customers are able to place
more data on a single fibre without incurring the cost of installing new
cable.

At the same time, the increase in demand for bandwidth has brought
two reactions from the optical fibre industry: increased data rates, and
increased fibre penetration. The move to non-zero dispersion-shifted
fibres has allowed for huge amounts of data to be transmitted over a
single fibre. Increases in both the speed of the data rates and the
number of wavelengths in use have allowed single fibres to carry data
in the range of 1 Tbps with 2 Tbps on the horizon.

Additionally, the amount of fibre demand has increased dramatically.
Where cables containing 100 and 200 fibres used to be common,
backbone lines containing fibre counts of 400 or 800 optical fibres are
now beginning to be used. In addition to the higher fibre count
backbones, fibre is being used closer to the end user. Ten years ago
fibre was primarily used in the backbone networks, but today
subscriber loops are commonly using optical fibre. As telephone and
cable TV companies rebuild their existing systems, fibre is being used
to replace copper even in the neighbourhood. Eventually, fibre will be
used to the home itself in an effort to satisfy the increasing demand for
bandwidth.

Broadband Band-Aids
Coaxial cable systems were installed about 30 years ago as
tree-and-branch systems with one-way amplifiers. That makes
upstream signals difficult. Upgrading them for interactivity is proving
very costly. Further, cable modem specifications are just now
extending to integrated voice capabilities. As a shared medium, cable
modem speeds decrease as more users go online.

xDSL requires a long foot copper drop from the curb to the house
plus the copper from the terminations to the DLC and to the central
office. These factors are conspiring to make it more difficult for
operators to guarantee the kind of quality of service (QoS)
expectations that are increasing as quickly as the demand for
bandwidth itself. Moreover, shared bandwidth cable and xDSL
engender security risks that fibre does not. With FTTH
(fibre-to-the-home) for example, the subscriber is connected to the
splitter, which is often miles from the termination, via a two-fibre
(upstream/downstream) drop.

Nevertheless, as fibre moves closer to the end user and displaces
copper, there are some adaptations that need to be achieved. Cable
designs will need to evolve from being solely designed for backbone
applications with higher fibre counts to being small size, low fibre
count solutions needed in FTTH applications. Additionally, media
conversion will be a big challenge. Today in the home or office, there
are very few appliances capable of receiving an optical signal. The
home television or telephone uses electrical signals. Where such a
media conversion will take place is still in dispute. Should the fibre
stop at the curb? the house? or the TV? Electronics manufacturers will
have to provide solutions for changing the high-speed optical signal
into a format useable by the average consumer. This may result in the
creation of set-top boxes for the television, or a whole new breed of
telephones for the home. The issue of powering such electronics is
also unresolved. Should such electronics be powered off the electric
grid, or should they be powered independently by the service
provider?

For the horizontal run, from the telecoms or wiring closet to the work
area, copper is still by far the most widely used transmission medium.
Although the cost of installed, horizontal fibre optic cabling has come
down, optical network interface cards for desktops and hubs are still
expensive compared to copper, but so was the desktop calculator at
one time.

Since the 1980s, the impact of fibre optics and the information
superhighway with photonics, subsequently led to the improvement of
devices that split, modify, amplify and manage photons in high-speed
optical systems. Through photonic manipulation enabling cabling that
interconnects hub locations, fibre optic cabling remains the most
practical approach. While it may be tempting to utilise copper twisted
pairs to support connections between hubs that are located in close
proximity to each other, fibre optics present an approach that can be
used consistently to allow for maximum flexibility as the network
grows. Furthermore, the use of fibre to the individual network nodes
is often discussed in the context of providing sufficient network
bandwidth to the user to support applications such as the transfer of
multimedia files and desktop videoconferencing.

Multiplying Capacity
Single transmission fibres have been considerably fortified via the
development and implementation of multiplexing devices such as
erbium-doped optical amplifiers (EDFAs) and dense wavelength
division multiplexers (DWDMs). These act to solve bandwidth
problems on the installed base so that carriers can readily
accommodate high bandwidth desktop applications and services.

Multiplexing technology allows many data channels at different
wavelengths to be bundled together, transmitted and subsequently
unbundled at the end of the route. DWDM is capable of multiplexing
at least 160 channels and is limited by the channel spacing, fibre
dispersion and the availability of fibre amplifiers throughout the optical
fibre spectrum. There is as yet is no perceptible limit to the number of
channels that can be multiplexed; these figures are constantly changing
on the R&D level. The most limiting factor right now for the high bit
rate transmission is dispersion. Fibre non-linear effects and chromatic
dispersion can be performance limiting factors because of the high
output of optical amplifiers and the simultaneous transmission of
multiple wavelengths. For installed conventional single-mode fibre, the
high dispersion at the 1550 nm region limits the transmission distance
at high bit rates. New fibre designs, such as non-zero
dispersion-shifted fibre and non-zero dispersion shifted fibre having a
large effected area, which are capable of controlling chromatic
dispersion, reducing fibre nonlinear effects, and operating at high bit
rates.

Corning believes that the drive to enhance the portion of the installed
base that consists of standard unshifted single-mode fibre -- optimised
for operations at 1310 nm -- has led to the large scale replacement of
regenerators with EDFAs, which operate at 1550 nm. OC-48 WDM
technology is well suited to this type of fibre and gives the carrier the
flexibility to incrementally add wavelengths when needed.

Regardless of cable design, it is the optical fibre that determines
whether a DWDM system is possible. Today, the non-zero
dispersion-shifted fibres are best suited for DWDM systems requiring
high data rates over long distances. However, if the data rate required
is somewhat lower, and distances are shorter, the standard
single-mode fibre is still an acceptable fibre for supporting DWDM. In
the outside plant environment, stranded loose tube cable and central
tube cables are best suited for dealing with the environmental and
mechanical rigors. Depending on the application, the customer may
find a lower fibre count cable with individual fibres to be the best
solution, or perhaps a high fibre count ribbon cable is better suited.

Older Fibre and DWDM
Some problems may exist in very old vintage optical fibres (circa early
1980s) when it comes to using DWDM systems. Additionally,
systems using dispersion-shifted optical fibre may also have trouble
with DWDM. These dispersion-shifted systems, however, are taking
on new life through the use of wavelengths above or below the 1550
nm operating window. When operated beyond the 1550 nm window,
dispersion-shifted fibres begin to operate similarly to non-zero
dispersion-shifted fibres and have a new application with respect to
DWDM systems.

Dispersion compensation modules can be added to a system to
correct for the higher chromatic dispersion typically seen in
dispersion-unshifted fibres at the 1550 nm operating window. Limiting
the data rate may allow older fibre types to be used with newer
systems as well. Using dispersion-shifted fibre above the 1550 nm
operating window can make that fibre useful for DWDM. A number
of solutions are available from electronics and photonics
manufacturers depending on the nature of the existing plant and the
new application desired.

One of the greatest challenges facing optical fibre is misunderstanding.
Many customers, familiar with copper products and installation, do
not completely understand the issues involved with optical fibre.

Optical fibres are housed inside hollow, cylindrical tubes, called buffer
tubes. The inside diameter of the buffer tubes is much larger than the
outside diameter of the optical fibre. This difference in diameter allows
free movement of the optical fibre within the buffer tube so that the
optical fibres are decoupled from the rest of the cable. A jelly like
substance fills the tube around the optical fibres, preventing moisture
from entering and allowing the optical fibre to ?float? within the buffer
tube. It also eliminates the possibility of water freezing in the vicinity of
the optical fibre, which could lead to an increase in attenuation or fibre
breakage. With an average tensile breaking strength of 600,000
pounds per square inch, fibre exceeds the strength requirements of all
of today?s communications applications (Figure 1).



In addition, glass is an extremely stable material, as shown by rigorous
environmental testing. Similarly, data gathered in the field over several
years has helped the industry establish fibre standards that suggest a
very long service life. Optical fibre has indeed been shown to have
virtually unlimited information-carrying capacity and exhibits little
susceptibility to severe weather or interference from outside
electromagnetic forces. Fibre?s immunity to adverse conditions such
as moisture ingress, corrosion and fatigue make it possible to project
its useful life out to 20 years or more.

Let There be Light
The increase in demand for bandwidth has brought two reactions from
the optical fibre industry: increased data rates and increased fibre
penetration. The move to non-zero dispersion-shifted fibres has
allowed for huge amounts of data to be transmitted over a single fibre.
Increases in both the speed of the data rates and the number of
wavelengths in use have allowed single fibres to carry data in the
range of 1 Tbps with 2 Tbps now looking possible.

Additionally, the amount of fibre demand has increased dramatically.
Where cables containing 100 and 200 fibres used to be common,
backbone lines containing fibre counts of 400 or 800 optical fibres are
now beginning to be used. In addition to the higher fibre count
backbones, fibre is being used closer to the end user. Ten years ago
fibre was primarily used in the backbone networks, but today
subscriber loops are commonly using optical fibre. As telephone and
cable TV companies rebuild their existing systems, fibre is being used
to replace copper even in the neighbourhood. Eventually, fibre will be
used to the home itself in an effort to satisfy the increasing demand for
bandwidth, thereby claiming its rightful legacy as a hero of the
broadband revolution.

Malcom Barnett is senior vice president, Sales and Marketing
Europe, Corning Cable Systems.



To: Frank A. Coluccio who wrote (1510)5/3/2000 10:24:00 PM
From: Dan B.  Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 1782
 
Frank,

Pardon the delay in responding, I returned from my week long trip and have been otherwise busy since.

Re: "No, no one except for Jim Kayne replied to the ascendant question. I
guess everyone is too consumed over in the Gilder thread. Some fairly technical
stuff going on over there, I noticed.
"

Well, that's a hoot, technical stuff indeed, LOL! To answer your question from a prior post, which was also a hoot just for the asking, NO, I'm not associated with the Gilder Tech. Report- and if its editorial staff had to deal with my writing, I suspect their workload would double. Summing up my reply to your Ascendancy question though, I think Gilder makes it clear he is picking stocks from many players in a given space. Therefore, the idea that the word as used by the GTR should imply something more "robust"(is this word becomming REALLY popular all over the place all of a sudden? Or is it just me?)than one educated opinion, is too lofty. And yes, I'd agree with Jim by saying that as GTR applies the word, it should result in subscribers making money.

Re: " BTW, a favor. Let's not further complicate this discussion by the use of the
P- word. Thanks."

Rest assured, I don't see that "P" prompts this discussion in any substantive way, so I repeat my only reference to "p" on this thread to date- "p" drew my attention to your post.

Going off topic for a moment longer, albeit while you've unintentionally turned my attention to this(what can I say?), I'd like to respond briefly to a prior post from Dave Horne(as I recall), concerning independent lawsuits as follows: Notions held by class action lawyers regarding TERN may have originated from a single source here on SI(i.e. not independently) through an unfortunate(IMO) connection with "P," the indicative evidence for which exists on the CMTO thread from some significant length of time ago. All pardons Frank, my only excuse for this "P" comment is that I, like you, find the noting of interesting dynamics worthy. No further discussion needed.

Onward.

RE: "I could have phrased my words better wrt: "getting back at.." Did I actually say that?
In any event, there was no condescension or snippiness intended, rather simply
pointing out that there were some very interesting dynamics going on. ."

Of course, you did use those words- twice- in reference to several people including yourself. I feel you only sought to turn all cards face up, and I think that is fair intent. However, not only do I respect you, Dave Horne, Mark Laubach, Bernard Levy, and others greatly, I emphatically say again I hold no desire to "get back at" anyone. I would note too that I have never owned TERN, and in fact have owned only three GTR(Gilder Tech. Report) picks ever(being a "charter" subscriber, this is unfortunate). I've been a bit of a TERN advocate of sorts, in an effort(if meager) to gain understanding.

Re: "The most recent additions to TERN's line card of products was expressly "not" my
focus in the post you originally responded to, and I stated such. Instead, the major
point behind my diatribe was to contest the labeling of s-cdma as an ascendant
technology."

Yes, and in that regard, I hope I focused my reply on the potentials of S-CDMA, by and large.

Re: " ...the S-CDMA attribute is a lot of smoke when it's used "as a singular
justification" for such a lofty standing."

Terayons S-CDMA based product offerings would, if found to offer unique substantial benefits when compared to the competition, likely cause deeper market penetration for Terayon and ultimately justify Terayons "ascendant" label. I posed a number of questions concerning the positive values of S-CDMA. Granted, it's not necessarily your job to address them, but until it is done, it would be difficult for me to accept confidently that S-CDMA is naught but "smoke." Conversely, hey, George says those knocking S-CDMA just don't understand it- I'm not knocking it, obviously, but count me among those who don't fully understand it. I'm not sure of it.

Re: "I did allow that TERN's most recent acquisitions, which
you've alluded to, might be responsible for improving their outlook and
strategic direction, but that those issues were not on my hit list in my original message."

Agreed, and so any Terayon products that don't run under S-CDMA are off the table. So I alluded to S-CDMA based product offerings in the main if not solely, in my post. Terayon's "Multigate" products all run over S-CDMA, I do believe. If tech. from recent Terayon acquisitions has been incorporated into S-CDMA based products that's ok, but my main question still concerns the value of S-CDMA in enabling such services over coax and/or HFC.

Re: "The single most objectionable issue to me remains the notion that the company
should be regarded as especially superior, or ascendant, on the merits of that one
protocol."

I offered certain technical points that seem to mitigate notions that S-CDMA doesn't add value compared to the competition, and I hope for anyone to address those points, if not other points I haven't touched on. If S-CDMA is compelling and George is confident of its success, then yes, ascendancy- however short lived(short- for reasons applying to all cable solutions just as you've discussed)- might be an appropriate tag for S-CDMA.

Re: "...but
look at the implications of the moniker, and what lies in the balance because of its
application. If fewer cable plants get upgraded because of its heightened popularity
due to the label, then it effectively retards optical progress in the networks in which it
is employed.
"

This is precisely the S-CDMA specific conclusion I intended to question. First, I'd like to correct a mistake I made. At the time I wrote, I thought HFC was required for TERN's advanced service offerings. Now, I gather this is at least not wholly so(I read recent news concerning Multigate deployments over all coax systems). So the obvious rebuttal isn't so clear. However, even where an operator absolutely doesn't wish to make an expensive upgrade to HFC, TDMA itself offers all coax solutions(as Mark Laubach has made clear in the case of CMTO). Though an operator may or may not choose S-CDMA for its cost benefits and/or overall reliability, such an operator by definition isn't willing to spend for HFC anyway, would likely go with a CMTO-like non-fiber solution if S-CDMA didn't exist, and so I see no negative effect here of S-CDMA on the future of fiber deployment. There could also be the case where the lower costs of S-CDMA deployment VS TDMA is the ONLY argument that might convince an otherwise un-ambitious operator to offer basic internet access at all. Here again, since fiber is not in the cards anyway, there remains only the benefit of broadband Internet service offered where there would otherwise be none- and so no bad effect on the future of fiber deployment. In fact, I think the above defines what many believe is the minimal market for S-CDMA- one in which it clearly brings positive benefits, if not fiber.

But if S-CDMA can effectively compete in the emerging advanced services arenas without a need for HFC(and who's sure it can? I'm not either- and if it can't- no bad fiber effect, again), then there sure could be a tremendous lessening of near-term fiber deployment. Yet if your overall estimation of the entire Cable broadband future is correct, i.e. nothing currently planned for Cable infrastructure(save the fiber) will suffice, nor is it compatible with the ultimate future, then perhaps it's good if S-CDMA minimizes the somewhat futile cost outlays in the meantime(yes, even fiber costs- more later). In any event, any S-CDMA based delay in fiber deployments may be minimal, and/or oddly enough, for reasons I'll touch on in a minute, wind up having a positive effect on the speed of fiber deployment at some critical future point in time.

Re: "I've read in many places that the s-cdma modem could be used in HFC too. I'd have
to ask "why"? If they use the s-cdma variant for coaxial systems in order to beat the
noise problems in the upstream, and if they also have DOCSIS compliant modems
for HFC, then why would they want to use the s-cdma variant for HFC? Here, I
admit ignorance, if there is a rational explanation for this. If so, please tell me what it
is."

The only answers I can think of now would be that S-CDMA might be cheaper to deploy and operate even over HFC, more reliable, and offer the ability to guarantee bandwidth at pre-arranged levels. The noise handling abilities may sum it up- If S-CDMA use translates into an ability to pass many multiples more homes than TDMA can without noise becomming a problem, could deployment and operating costs be lowered even over HFC? Mr. Gilder speaks of this "homes passed" issue as an S-CDMA reality approaching an order of magnitude improvement over TDMA(is he full of it? If so, Why?). So, can S-CDMA be a lower cost and more reliable HFC solution just as it seems to be in all coax plant? I think not only is HFC a benefit or requirement for TDMA advanced services due to the lessing of noise, but noise remains a common HFC problem for TDMA to attend to- is this not correct?

If you are correct(and I think you are) that all the current cable solutions will ultimately max out down as low as 256k service- even on HFC, then perhaps S-CDMA IS the low cost way to bridge the gap to the future. Obviously, Fiber To The Home isn't economically feasible just yet- and hence we can't expect to have it or the solutions to run it soon(my phoneline provides me with a max 26.4k- I guess DSL won't help me- gimme cable! or SATservice, or perhaps cheapest of all, S-CDMA's 112k min. to 280k max, at 24.95 per month!- a USA reality today). Get profits into operators hands now, and they may be more likely to afford fiber later. S-CDMA certainly may be compatible with a quick ramp to revenue generation and fiber deployments as deemed appropriate so far as I know. I do know that ZAKI of TERN long ago stated he expected operators to want to go with fiber later, for advanced services- so is his head on straight given that he knows this? Perhaps yes.

You see, I still expect that TERN will offer S-CDMA equipment that will require HFC to work well enough to compete, if they don't already. I know its been said that HFC offers no advantages to S-CDMA, but in this regard, what I think I comprehend is that where the coax ends, the coax bandwidth bottleneck and the noise ends- and you wind up with fewer homes and less noise prior to the fiber. Instead of jumping to say "so we don't NEED S-CDMA to beat the noise in HFC," would'nt this instead imply reliability and cost benefits to the services S-CDMA offers homes? Am I not making sense here? I think for starters, talk of S-CDMA slowing down or dropping subscribers when S/N falls below 13 db might hold little meaning with HFC, even running advanced services like videoconferencing- which by the by, should benefit from the advantage of S-CDMA's greater upstream. So S-CDMA may bring revenues at lower build-out and operating costs- which may be of positive significance in the end.

Re: "I promised myself that I would not go line for line on this, and at this point I really
don't think that it is necessary to do so. I recognize the value and the origins of your
beliefs, based on your trust of what Gilder has written and I not only understand your
position, I respect it as well. I hope that you take the time to understand that my
perspective is one of architecture. I see a whole bunch of money being spent on what
I consdider to be the wrong things, often. Intermediate band aid fixes at a time when
the operators don't see the tsunami coming towards then because they are looking
straight up into blue skies"

So, I think I understand you well and find the above makes sense. I'll say that I do feel Mr. Gilder is a trustworthy guy, but if I trusted his analysis as much as you may suspect, I would have bought TERN at about 29 or even less, and I wouldn't bother trying to figure it out.

Perhaps TERN, like the others, does represent a bandaid fix, for a time when the tsunami is coming but isn't seen, and we just ain't gonna be gettin' where we're headed(not with cable and copper) as soon as we'd like- but a little taste of better bandwidth now may drive demand a long way when the right time comes. In this sense, a taste of S-CDMA bandwidth from an all coax system that would never otherwise offer a taste at all, could help future demand for something better when it's feasible. And on HFC, if S-CDMA can offer advanced services like videoconferencing more cheaply, at a time when we suspect the enabling equipment will need be discarded in the end, perhaps that's good too. Oddly enough then, Cableco's with their coax and PhoneCo's with dsl, by providing a taste now, may be providing the taste that drives the demand that helps bring on the main show quicker(all in a rush, at a point in time?) in the end. So I say, bring it on now at lower costs, and if that means S-CDMA, so be it. Haven't you commented on fiber becomming cheaper to buy and connect/splice over time?

These interim solutions may allow what I can get from the net to evolve. Hence I ask, without them, would a clear perception of strong demand exist(thus motivating fiber deployment) when the time comes?

Thanks for indulging me,

Freedom Works,

Dan B