To: John Lacelle who wrote (10 ) 1/11/2001 5:51:16 AM From: GUSTAVE JAEGER Respond to of 33 Herbert Marcuse Aggressiveness in Advanced Industrial Society (1967)From Negations : Essays in Critical Theory by Herbert Marcuse.Copyright 1968 by Herbert Marcuse. Translations from German copyright 1968 by Beacon Press. Reprinted by permission of Beacon Press, Boston. wbenjamin.org Excerpt: Is not the individual who functions normally, adequately, and healthily as a citizen of a sick society - is not such an individual himself sick? And would not a sick society require an antagonistic concept of mental health, a meta-concept designating (and preserving) mental qualities which are tabooed, arrested, or distorted by the "sanity" prevalent in the sick society? (For example, mental health equals the ability to live as a dissenter, to live a nonadjusted life.) As a tentative definition of "sick society" we can say that a society is sick when its basic institutions and relations, its structure, are such that they do not permit the use of the available material and intellectual resources for the optimal development and satisfaction of individual needs. The larger the discrepancy between the potential and actual human conditions, the greater the social need for what I term "surplus-repression," that is, repression necessitated not by the growth and preservation of civilization but by the vested interest in maintaining an established society. Such surplus-repression introduces (over and above, or rather underneath, the social conflicts) new strains and stresses in the individuals. Usually handled by the normal working of the social process, which assures adjustment and submission (fear of loss of job or status, ostracism, and so forth) no special enforcement policies with respect to the mind are required. But in the contemporary affluent society, the discrepancy between the established modes of existence and the real possibilities of human freedom is so great that, in order to prevent an explosion, society has to insure a more effective mental coordination of individuals: in its unconscious as well as conscious dimensions, the psyche is opened up and subjected to systematic manipulation and control. [...] __________________