To: Don Mosher who wrote (29340 ) 8/3/2000 3:10:26 PM From: tekboy Respond to of 54805 OTThe concept of "power" is one of the most elusive in the social sciences. True. It's the kind of word that we use casually and often, but that is actually extraordinarily difficult to nail down and quantify. There are two basic approaches to power, one material and the other relational. The first refers to the possession of certain types of assets or resources, which are in turn supposed to be useful in influencing other parties. Thus we might say "John is powerful" when we really mean "John is big and strong," or "John has the authority to approve or block mergers," or whatever. The second approach refers not to the possession of resources but to the actual ability to influence another party: in Robert Dahl's words, it is "A's ability to get B to do something it would not otherwise do." The first definition is useful until it is not--that is, it is useful to the extent that there is a clear connection between the possession of certain resources and the ability to influence a certain outcome. It's usually better therefore to avoid talking in broad general material terms--"John is powerful"--and instead speak as precisely as possible about the situations one has in mind: "John is so much bigger than I am that he can kick the crap out of me, so I will be inclined to hand over my lunch money to him in the schoolyard if he demands it." The second definition gets at the heart of much common usage and has many strengths, but oddly enough it turns out to be so fraught with theoretical and empirical difficulties as to be practically unusable. For example, it is extremely difficult to operationalize this definition, or avoid tautologies, or say much with it about the causal role of power factors relative to other things that might be at work in a particular case. So you end up talking about assets and resources simply because they are recognizable proxies for what you mean. Moreover, there are several so-called "faces" of power: the ability to win actual contests or fights, the ability to shape the agenda so that some things rather than others are fought about in the first place, the ability to avoid even potential fights by influencing another party's goals so they end up wanting the same things you do and thus have nothing to fight about. The bottom line of all this is that instead of getting hung up on the abstract concept of power, it's probably far more useful for us to concentrate on much narrower and more specific questions about actual companies or corporate dilemmas. tekboy/Ares@BWTFDIK.org PS those interested in exploring the power issue further might find the following useful: Robert Dahl, "The Concept of Power," Behavioral Science 2 (July 1957); David A. Baldwin, Paradoxes of Power (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989); William Curti Wohlworth, The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions During the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), ch. 1; Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, "The Two Faces of Power," American Political Science Review , 56:4 (December 1962); and John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980), ch. 1.