To: MikeM54321 who wrote (8724 ) 10/2/2000 4:32:12 PM From: Frank A. Coluccio Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 12823 Hi Mike, What I was getting at was this: T heneed for pair gain capabilities beyond the basic T1 rate, due to copper exhaust, have existed for the past forty years. And prior to that analog subscriber carriers systems were used, using A.M. to support up to six talkers per two twisted pairs (yuk), and before those, there were "phantom" circuits which manipulated magnetic flux in transformers in order to multiplex additional lines, magnetically. The HDSL line supports a DS1 payload, pretty much like a T1 does, with some basic differences. - It uses a single pair instead of two pairs. - The HDSL2 has a line rate of 1.552 Mb/s instead of 1.544 Mb/s. - The payload size is 1.544 Mb (DS1 payload level). This seemingly incongruous difference is due to the HDSL2 having additional 8 kb/s of "overhead" that is used for provisioning and management. This brings the overall line rate of the HDSL2 to 1.552 Mb/s (1.536 basic data payload + 8kb/s Framing + 8 kb/s management overhead) = 1.552 Mb/s. This 8kb/s "overhead" channel is over and beyond the normal 8 kb/s "framing" channel that supports timing, synch, channel alignment, and additional subrate channels. The improvement that HDSL2 brings to the table is its ability to support these features on a single pair, rather than over the standard two pairs associated with the metallic T series. Competitors? The T1 and T1C categories would more appropriately IMO be called predecessors of HDSL2. The T2 is still used as a subscriber carrier rate (6.3 Mb/s), and is now supported most commonly by fiber loop extension, or a derivative of SONET (as in GR-303 NGDLC). T2 is also a mux stage on SONET multiplexers that are installed at customer locations.