[1] Jacques Auger and others, "Decline in Semen Quality Among
Fertile Men in Paris During the Past 20 years," NEW ENGLAND
JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol. 332, No. 5 (February 2, 1995), pgs.
281-285. And: D. Stewart Irvine, "Falling sperm quality," BRITISH
MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 309 (August 13, 1994), pg. 476.
[2] Elisabeth Carlsen and others, "Evidence for decreasing
quality of semen during past 50 years," BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
Vol. 305 (1992), pgs. 609-613.
[3] Peter Bromwich and others, "Decline in sperm counts: an
artefact of changed reference range of 'normal'?" BRITISH
MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 309 (July 2, 1994), pgs. 19-22. Elisabeth
Carlsen and some of her co-workers responded that Bromwich's
analysis was "based on wrong assumptions" and "failed to give any
empirical reference that might support [Bromwich's] assertion of
differential selection." See Niels Keiding and others,
"Importance of empirical evidence," BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol.
309 (July 2, 1994), pg. 22.
[4] Richard J. Sherins, "Are Semen Quality and Male Fertility
Changing?" NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Vol. 332 No. 5 (Feb.
2, 1995), pg. 327, says that studies conducted so far have not
properly controlled for differences in age, abstinence before
semen analysis, ejaculatory frequency, and the number of samples
analyzed per person, all of which can effect sperm count. Another
author who has registered skepticism of the 1992 findings is
Stephen Farrow, "Falling sperm quality: fact or fiction?" BRITISH
MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol. 309, No. 6946 (July 2, 1994), pgs. 1-2.
[5] A. Giwercman and N.E. Skakkebaek, "The human testis--an organ
at risk?" INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY Vol. 15 (1992), pgs.
373-375. And: Richard M. Sharpe and Niels E. Skakkebaek, "Are
oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the
male reproductive tract?" THE LANCET Vol. 341 (May 29, 1993),
pgs. 1392-1395. And: R. M. Sharpe, " Declining sperm counts in
men --is there an endocrine cause?" JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY,
Vol. 136 (1993), pgs. 357-360.
[6] A. Giwercman, cited above in note 5; and see Peter Boyle and
others, "Changes in Testicular Cancer in Scotland," EUROPEAN
JOURNAL OF CANCER AND CLINICAL ONCOLOGY Vol. 23 (1987), pgs.
827-830. And: A. Giwercman and others, "Evidence for increasing
evidence of abnormalities of the human testis: a review,"
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES Vol. 101, Supplement 2 (1993),
pgs. 65-71.
[7] See Sharpe and Skakkebaek, cited above in note 5.
[8] Thomas A. Mably and others, "IN UTERO and Lactational
Exposure of Male Rats to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin. 3.
Effects on Spermatogenesis and Reproductive Capability."
TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY Vol. 114 (May, 1992), pgs.
118-126. |