To: ~digs who wrote (87 ) 5/13/2001 3:28:39 PM From: ~digs Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 6763 Today in History [May 13th] 1846: Congress Declared War Against Mexico Congress declared war against Mexico. US President James Polk had presented his war message before Congress two days earlier. Abolitionists, who saw the war as a ploy to extend slavery, vigorously opposed the war declaration. Abraham Lincoln, at the time a member of congress, voted against the war: nara.gov 1888: Lei Aurea Signed Princess Isabel of Brazil signed the "Lei Aurea" (Golden Law), which abolished slavery. Slavery was ended in part to appease the efforts of abolitionists, but mostly because it was less expensive for employers to hire wageworkers than to keep slaves. Plantation owners opposed the law because they were not compensated for releasing their slaves. The passage of the law hastened the fall of the Brazilian monarchy: sercomtel.com.br 1918: "Inter-Allied Independent Bomber Force" was Created The "Inter-Allied Independent Bomber Force" of the Royal Air Force (RAF) from Great Britain was created with the express purpose of bombing Germany. It was the first time that an air force attack was waged independently of the army or navy. The RAF, which came into being one month earlier, was the largest air force in the world by the end of the war. 1938: Louis Armstrong Recorded "When the Saints Go Marching In" By 1938 Louis Armstrong was already a nationally famous jazz cornet and trumpet player, singer, and bandleader. Having brought New Orleans-style jazz to an unprecedentedly wide audience, he had almost single-handedly transformed the music from a group form into an art for the individual soloist. On May 13 of that year, in a studio session in New York, Louis Armstrong and his ten-piece orchestra recorded a jazz arrangement of the religious song, "When the Saints Go Marching In." Enormously popular, the tune became a jazz standard, as well as one of Louis Armstrong's signature songs. The recording captured the exuberance and technical virtuosity of Armstrong's unique trumpet style. Two biographies of Louis Armstrong: jazzhistory.f2s.com holeintheweb.com 1981: Assassination Attempt on Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II was shot twice at close range while riding in an open car at St. Peter's Square in Rome. A Turkish national, Mehmet Ali Agca, was arrested immediately and later sentenced to life imprisonment. Agca was a fugitive of from justice in Turkey, having escaped prison, where he was being held pending trial on charges of murdering a journalist. He originally claimed to be a member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, but that organization denied any ties with him. Later Agca said he was part of a conspiracy assisted by Bulgaria, which was pressured by the KGB to assassinate the pope because of his support of Poland's Solidarity movement. There was little evidence to support this claim, and no definite conclusion has ever been reached regarding his real motive. The pope recovered from his wounds after a three-month convalescence, and in 1983 he visited his assailant in prison and personally forgave him. After nearly 20 years in prison, Agca was granted clemency by the Italian government and extradited to Turkey, where he had been convicted in absentia for the murder of the journalist. More about the Mehmet Ali Agca case: chicagotribune.com Holidays & Events Mother's Day, Procession of Our Lady of Fatima UNITED STATES: MOTHER'S DAY In the United States, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Mother's Day was first suggested in the U.S. in 1872 as a day dedicated to peace. Julia Ward Howe suggested a peaceful day of meetings of mothers after the Civil War as a protest of the carnage of that war. Read Julia Ward Howe's Mother's Day Proclamation and about her crusade for peace: peace.ca www3.edgenet.net Julia Ward Howe also wrote the words to the Battle Hymn of the Republic: library.utoronto.ca ma.essortment.com PORTUGAL: PILGRIMAGE OF OUR LADY OF FATIMA In Portugal, a number of catholics and pilgrims commemorate May 13, 1917, when the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to three child shepherds. There are candlelight processions and open-air masses. --------------------- Copyright (c) 2001, The Learning Kingdom, Inc. learningkingdom.com