To: chalu2 who wrote (5201 ) 9/28/2001 4:03:50 PM From: Ilaine Respond to of 23908 Sorry, but you'll have to document your assertion that the US government had an official policy of genocide against American Indians. My reading of history tells me that the US government had an official policy of negotiating treaties with the Indians. Not a spotless record, but there were provocations on both sides. >>The Spanish, French, Dutch, and British were the first Europeans to settle this continent, and they each brought with them their own ideas on how to deal with the inhabitants of the new lands. These early concepts eventually became the basis of the United States Indian policy: 1.Tribes were to be thought of as separate sovereign nations to be dealt with on a government-to-government basis. 2.As separate nations, the internal affairs of tribes were the responsibility of the tribal entity and were not to be tampered with. 3.Relations with tribes were considered to be between two nations and were to be handled by the central government. Acceptance of these concepts was necessary before treaties could be made with Indian tribes. Treaties can be made only between sovereigns; they can only be made by the central government, and they, affirm, rather that deny, mutual right of self-government. In 1778, the first treaty was signed between an Indian tribe, the Delaware, and the United States government. In signing this treaty, the United States was affirming the English and European tradition of dealing with tribes as political entities. Early U.S. policy was consistent with European practice of recognizing tribes as government with full internal sovereignty. By 1832, however, tribal sovereignty had been limited after the tribes had agreed to regard themselves as under the protection of the United States. Also, tribes consented to extinguish their external sovereignty and to recognize legislative powers of Congress over them through treaties. This agreement did not do away with tribal sovereignty altogether. A tribes' sovereign powers can only be removed by an act of Congress. The government-to-government aspect of federal-tribal relations has received some serious assaults through the years. Recently, however, tribes have adopted measures to strengthen their tribal governments and take control of their own affairs. The Bureau is supportive of the tribes in this endeavor. Also, capabilities of the Bureau of Indian Affairs are being expanded to improve and strengthen the technical support provided the tribal governments and tribal court systems. Special initiatives are directed at formal training, specialized guidance, improvement of tribal governing document codes, and other regulations that enhance a tribes capacity to govern itself.<<doi.gov doi.gov