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Politics : Foreign Affairs Discussion Group -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: IQBAL LATIF who wrote (4884)	10/14/2001 4:33:14 AM
From: IQBAL LATIF	Respond to of 281500

Here is the complete history of Kashmir provided by KRRC Earliest History of Kashmir Kashmir is an ancient country, much fought over because of its strategic location. According to tradition, its name derives from the Khasi, a people who lived in the northern mountains several centuries before the Christian era. The recorded history of Kashmir goes back to about 2000 BC. In 245 BC For about three quarters of its history, Kashmir has been an independent State though its area has been expanding and shrinking. The country was originally a stronghold of Hinduism; Buddhism was introduced about 245 BC. Beginning in the mid-14th century AD, Muslim sultans controlled the area for two centuries. Raja Lalta Ditya's Rule The rule of Lalita Ditya (715-752 AD), a famous Hindu ruler of Kashmir, is considered the Golden period of pre Muslim era Kashmir whereas that of Sultan Zainul Abedin - called Budshah (1420-1470 AD) is known as the Golden Era of the entire Kashmir history. In Akbar's Rule Akbar, the Mughal emperor of Hindustan, conquered Kashmir between 1586 and 1592, and it became a part of the Mughal empire. Afghan's Rule in ( 1756-1819) Flag used in Afghan's Rule Between 1756 and 1819 it was under Afghan rule. In Sikh's Period In the latter year, Kashmir was conquered by Ranjit Singh, the Sikh maharaja of the Punjab. In 1846 after the defeat of Ranjit Singh against British Army Kashmir was bought by the (Hindu) Dogra of Jammu; the Dogra dynasty continued to rule the region until August 1947, when British India was partitioned into a predominantly Muslim Pakistan and a predominantly Hindu India. Flag that was being used in Sikh Period At Partition Time Before Indian partition there was a movement for democratic peoples rights in Kashmir. Following partition, a section of the Muslim population of Kashmir demanded accession to Pakistan. The reigning maharaja, Sir Hari Singh, a Hindu, resisted the peoples movement as well as pro-Pakistani movement. A section of population started rebellion against Maharaja and formed an army and declared a parallel government. Pakistani tribesmen entered the Kashmir in support of these Muslim rebels after which the maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union. India thereupon dispatched troops to Kashmir which resulted in direct war between India and Pakistan and in the ensuing conflict forced the Pakistanis to yield ground. United Nation's Resolution Through mediation organized by the United Nations, a ceasefire agreement between the two nations was concluded in January 1949. Subsequent UN efforts to secure troop withdrawals and develop a plebiscite plan satisfactory to both sides were unsuccessful. Heavy border fighting broke out in 1965 and again in 1971, and led to the "line of control" which has since formed the boundary between the Indian- and Pakistani-controlled sections of Kashmir. China's Dispute with India China began conducting military maneuvers in the border areas of eastern Kashmir in the 1950s. Since India's defeat in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962, the north-eastern part of Ladakh, in Jammu and Kashmir state, has been occupied by China. The Chinese authorities have since built a strategic road throughout the disputed territory, connecting Sin kiang with Tibet. Low level Resistance in Kashmir A low level resistance and freedom struggle was always present in Kashmir and a growing section of people was in favor of an Independent country. Start of Freedom Movement in Kashmir (or terrorist movement) Following the bitterly contested state elections (in IHK) in 1987 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir increased. Unrest further increased after 1988 as Muslim Kashmiri separatists began guerrilla attacks against Indian officials and troops deployed in the state. India responded by increasing its troop deployment in the region and stressing the movement by force. Tensions increased sharply, beginning in early 1990 with violent clashes between Indian troops and proindependence demonstrators. President Rule (1990) President's Rule was imposed by the Indian government in Jammu and Kashmir State on July 1990. Clashes between the guerrillas and Indian troops continued throughout the early 1990s. Gurilla Activities in 1995 In 1994 and in the first half of 1995 there was a new upsurge in guerrilla activity, including the kidnapping of foreign tourists, as well as reports of severe measures by Indian troops. Elections in May 1996 Elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir in May 1996, for the first time since the imposition of direct rule in 1990, in the face of calls by several separatist groups for an electoral boycott. Kargil Dispute In 1999 a contained war broke between India and Pakistan in Kargil region after a successful military operation of gorillas in Kashmir. Due to international pressure both countries again did ceasefire. Struggle of Kashmiries against India and movement for a union of divided Kashmir is still continued despite all Indian Oppressions. APHC Leader's Visit to Pakistan Now in the next few weeks, the leaders of All Parties Huriat Conference are planned to visit Pakistan for the struggle of Kashmir and to solve the issue by trilateral talking. India, Pakistan and APHC are included in this agenda. Top