To: tekboy who wrote (14774 ) 12/26/2001 4:42:50 PM From: JohnM Read Replies (2) | Respond to of 281500 Most of those hypothetical policies are not realistically available alternatives, because they would be eliminated somewhere along the way by powerful forces of one kind or another. That's not nefarious conspiracy theory, just the way the world works. This all makes sense from the viewpoint of the policy wonk. I would not argue otherwise. But there are two other considerations. First, all policy outcomes in major conflict situations must carry the weight of large, usually tragic, human losses (if I had a poetic touch perhaps I could do that sentence more justice). It's important to remember those, even in the settlements, though the compromises might not include them. For instance, as I read Said and as I read the Foreign Affairs essay on the Palestinians you recommended, I'm struck by the talk of the pre 1967 boundaries. To the Palestinians, it seems to me, that's a critical memory. Also, Said keeps mentioning that Jews, who may have been born anywhere, have a "right of return" while Palestinians, who were born in "Palestine" do not. Whatever settlement is worked out, if one is, needs to remember these alternative outcomes or history does becomes as the oft quoted aphorism of Nietzsche (tough spellling) goes, only the tale of the winners. Second, those lost outcomes need to be remembered, or at least some of them, because they tend to be alive in the memory of a good many actual subjects and survive as disappontments, anger, whatever, and can become the basis for future mobilization. Said, for instance, makes the point that the Oslo agreements were destined to fail because they failed to account for these "lost outcomes" (my term) among other things and, thus, became the basis for future conflict. So, back to your all outcomes suck, some just suck less than others. You might note to your students that if there is a widespread sense of "suckiness" in the not-so-powerful, the suckers might become the suckees. (Wow, genuine non-humor there). John (can't find a copy of Martin Kramer so have been reading Bernard Lewis' essay in the January 02 issue of Atlantic Monthly as a substitute and am reading the section of Orientalism on Lewis--very clear that Said lays it on thick)