To: J. C. Dithers who wrote (53446 ) 8/3/2002 2:02:30 PM From: Brumar89 Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 82486 At the time of Pearl Harbor, there were approximately 127,000 persons of Japanese descent living in the United States. Almost 60 percent of the adults among them were Japanese nationals, enemy aliens by law. The remaining 40 percent of the adults were American by birth, but they were also citizens of Japan by choice (dual citizenship). Many had spent the formative years of their youth and received their education in Japan. Early in 1942, all persons of Japanese descent, approximately 112,000 people, 127,000 or 112,000? Two thirds of Japanese internees were American citizens. Something you couldn't tell from the above account. as well as smaller numbers of German and Italian enemy aliens were ordered to evacuate specific West Coast military areas in the interest of national security. Similar evacuations of German and Italian enemy aliens occurred along the entire East Coast. It was only out West that the U.S. government provided relocation centers as a temporary alternative to resettlement for those who wished it. Does this mean to imply the internment camps were voluntary? Such housing was restricted to Japanese evacuees only, however. German and Italian evacuees were on their own. So the Japanese received preferential treatment. Ten such centers were established and administered by the civilian War Relocation Authority. These relocation centers had the highest live-birth rate and the lowest death rate in wartime United States and were exempt from the rationing programs imposed across the country. More preferential treatment for Japanese-Americans. Getting to go to voluntary camps where they got extra food. I'll bet they even put barbed wire fences around the camps and had armed guards to protect them from wild animals. Even little orphan kids got the preferential treatment:cnn.com Orphans tell of World War II internment March 24, 1997 Web posted at: 8:47 p.m. EST (0147 GMT) LOS ANGELES (CNN) -- The injustices of the Japanese-American internment camps of World War II are well-documented, but now a new angle is emerging: that of the interned orphans. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CNN's Anne McDermott reports QuickTime movie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Tamo Isozaki was one of them. His mother died and his father could not care for the family, so Tamo was bundled off to a Salvation Army orphanage in San Francisco. Then in 1942, the Army took scores of children of Japanese descent -- some with as little as one-eighth of such ancestry -- and sent them to a camp at Manzanar, 200 miles northeast of Los Angeles. "It was a camp, and it was guarded by a fence and had towers, so we knew we were captive," said Isozaki, now 70. Now many of the surviving orphans are talking about their war years following the discovery of a government report on the orphanage. Scholars at California State University at Fullerton have begun the first comprehensive study of the orphanage. "It was shocking, you know," Isozaki said, explaining the reaction of the orphans. "What do they want with us? What [are] we going to do to hurt [the] United States?" Many of the orphans felt luckier than other internment camp residents, people who lost all their belongings. The orphans had nothing to lose. That may be why one of Takatow Matsuno's strongest memories of the orphanage is the Christmas gift he received from another orphan. "...she gave me this comic book, and I cherished it," Matsuno said. "I was six. I remember that." Today, Matsuno still puts in hours at his auto body shop, and does not often think back. In fact, researchers are finding many of the orphans do not. "A lot of these people I've talked to, none of them seem to be bitter," said researcher Lisa Nobe. "They seem to say well, that just was that part of life and this is [what] we're living now." Isozaki was angry with the government that imprisoned him, then freed him so he could be drafted into the Army. But that was many years ago. "I stopped being bitter, and I don't feel like I have an enemy in my life now." Another brief source of info:momomedia.com On July 31, 1980 to establish the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) to investigate the incarceration of Japanese Americans and legal resident aliens during World War II. The Commission concluded: "the promulgation of Executive Order 9066 was not justified by military necessity, and the decisions which followed from it-detention, ending detention, and ending exclusion-were not driven by analysis of military conditions. The broad historical causes which shaped these decisions were race prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of political leadership." ... On August 10, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed into law The Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which provides for an apology and redress to the internees still living.