To: goldsheet who wrote (89203 ) 9/2/2002 6:28:13 AM From: E. Charters Respond to of 116753 I don't remember the name of the San Francisco man who sold shovels to the 1849 miners, but he did make more than any single miner, it is true. Alex McDougall, or McDonald (?) made more than any miner buying and selling claims, and some hotel owners made more too. A company selling flour in Vancouver made more than any mine did. On the other hand there are many miners who never told a soul what they made on their claims good or bad. In the Cariboo, it is not recorded what the take was until ten years after it was started. In the Klondike it is calculated that good and services supplied were even with the gold mined in dollars. This is common for most industries actually, and makes sense. If the industries are viable, the take will be spent, or costs incurred at least nearly equal if you include all companies involved. In fact, most gold rushes had good income for a good percentage of the companies or individuals, at least on the basis of making a living. The 1849 rush started many American industries including GM and Studebaker, and the Klondike rush had many "spin-offs" and nascent entrepreneurs that saw fame and fortune in other fields. The focus and energy created by these great ventures ends up being a positive drive for a great number of individuals. In the case of the 1849 rush, the resulting industry of low grade placer gold mining helped to make industry innovative in the field of mechanical earth moving equipment, valves, seals, pumping, pipelines and other areas of large scale engineering. The US became the world leader in pumping technology as a result of the 1849 gold rush and its latter day development, so that today pump flows are routinely measured in US gallons per minute throughout the world. A point that is often overlooked about the 1849 rush and the Klondike rush is that once the rich diggings seemed to peter out, companies with large scale methods came in and worked for many years after, ostensibly making very good profit. The average profit in the gold fields for a dredging company in the Klondike was 50% on throughput. Some ran as high as 70% overall including capital cost. Few hard rock investors realize that a well engineered placer operation makes a higher profit than any other industry or enterprise known, with the possible exception of mining and selling raw diamonds, which reputedly runs 80% profit. Although gold mining on a large scale saw two setbacks, one in 1890 and later in 1920 with court decisions, and placer mining almost totally ceased in California, the Klondike continued to produce almost unabated with many small operations continuing up until this day, producing almost 13 million ounces total. By 1901 the Klondike had produced 3% of the world's gold. (Now since far surpassed) You would think that the large dredging companies, moving millions of yards of gravel would outproduce the small miner, but in the Klondike the small scale operations produced equal to what the large scale did. EC<:-}