To: epsteinbd who wrote (2169 ) 9/2/2002 11:07:00 PM From: 49thMIMOMander Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 6945 Abstaining was popular some centuries ago, in some parts of the world. As I wrote, instant understanding among many of the objects is not easy, although a lot have been spoken, written and even implemented for the last 300 centuries. Strange, totally opposite to most experts in the field, has even been debated for some 150 years, even implemented: (the center based proportional representation, consensus democracy) <But all in all democracy is safe as in the last generation, the extremes left and right have been cornered. Thus you can't have a real center.> OK, legally everything depends on the definition of "real" and "center", not to forget the other words in the sentence as well as the context. Not to comment on the fact that the first sentence make little sense, maybe just a little spelling error, although the argument is an old one, kind of like "tyranny of the majority or the minority", especially US seem to have difficulties to decide. Voter abstinence, exclusion or inclusion, even the goal of both, is also a very old issue, the reason I added Jim Crow fairly high on the list. Ilmarinen Btw, one minor advice would be to start from the 1700s, the king and the opposition, the feudal land lords representing their land. Another milestone for someone interested in israel and jewish issues might be why early, modern Israelites did not implement that but insted insisted on proportional representation, very academically popular in the late 1800s. After that one might get into party lists, but clearly not before, like learning to multiply or divide before knowing how to add and subtract. Additionally one need to sort out the representation of the people, any strange upper house, prime ministers or kings or presidents, as well as how they relate to each other. Btw, the dangling chads of the US 2-party fight was an ulcer already 300 years ago, and still is.