To: Canuck Dave who wrote (23452 ) 12/14/2002 5:54:31 PM From: Art Bechhoefer Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 36161 >>Then they decayed. I really don't know why.<< One main reason the Ottoman empire disintegrated was due to the opening of a sea route to the far east, based on the inventions of the compass and sextant for navigating. Turkey was at the crossroads of the silk and spice trade, supplying these valuable commodities to Europe until the advent of Vasco de Gama and the other navigators who established routes around the Cape of Good Hope. The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, was the death knell for the Ottomans, as it was cheaper, quicker, and safer to trade with China and east Asia by boat. The importance of oil didn't come until the early 20th Century (boats used either sails or coal). The Ottomans (I majored in Arabic language and history at the Univ. of Michigan) did not have a pax Romana, and perhaps if they did, they would have remained viable longer. The pax Romana allowed foreigners to become Roman citizens, which afforded them many privileges (including protection under Roman law) not available to others. The Ottomans allowed minorities (i.e., Christians and Jews) completely autonomous self government, as long as these communities paid taxes to the Sultan. The Ottomans also drew on the expertise of their minorities in running the government. In particular, Jews often supplied the personnel to run the treasury, as the Muslims didn't believe in charging interest and other necessities of handling money. Until around 1970, you could still find Muslim nations with a Jewish finance minister. If you are interested in a really good analysis, published just recently, read "What Went Wrong," by the noted historian Bernard Lewis. Among other things, he credits the fall of Islam with its inability to separate the religious from the secular--a separation that was inherent in the Christian nations of the west, based on Christ's admonition to render to Ceasar those that are Caeser's and to God those that are God's. But my real question is not about whether the middle east will ever be recognized for anything other than its oil (it will), but whether the price of gold will continue going up, given that new supplies are being discovered and brought to market at far less than the current price. Anyone have any answers? Art