White House budget office thwarts EPA warning on asbestos-laced insulation
stltoday.com
BY ANDREW SCHNEIDER
Of the Post-Dispatch
© 2002 St. Louis Post-Dispatch
12/27/2002 01:18 PM
WASHINGTON — The Environmental Protection Agency was on the
verge of warning millions of Americans that their attics and walls
might contain asbestos-contaminated insulation. But, at the last
minute, the White House intervened, and the warning has never been
issued.
The agency's refusal to share its knowledge of what is believed to be
a widespread health risk has been criticized by a former EPA
administrator under two Republican presidents, a Democratic U.S.
senator and physicians and scientists who have treated victims of
the contamination.
The announcement to warn the public was expected in April. It was
to accompany a declaration by the EPA of a public health emergency
in Libby, Mont. In that town near the Canadian border, ore from a
vermiculite mine was contaminated with an extremely lethal asbestos
fiber called tremolite that has killed or sickened thousands of miners
and their families.
Ore from the Libby mine was
shipped across the nation and
around the world, ending up in insulation called Zonolite that was
used in millions of homes, businesses and schools across America.
A public health emergency declaration had never been issued by
any agency. It would have authorized the removal of the
disease-causing insulation from homes in Libby and also provided
long-term medical care for those made sick. Additionally, it would
have triggered notification of property owners elsewhere who might
be exposed to the contaminated insulation.
Zonolite insulation was sold throughout North America from the
1940s through the 1990s. Almost all of the vermiculite used in the
insulation came from the Libby mine, last owned by W.R. Grace &
Co.
In a meeting in mid-March, EPA Administrator Christie Todd Whitman
and Marianne Horinko, head of the Superfund program, met with Paul
Peronard, the EPA coordinator of the Libby cleanup and his team of
health specialists. Whitman and Horinko asked tough questions, and
apparently got the answers they needed. They agreed they had to move ahead on a declaration, said a
participant in the meeting.
By early April, the declaration was ready to go. News releases had been written and rewritten. Lists of
governors to call and politicians to notify had been compiled. Internal e-mail shows that discussions had
even been held on whether Whitman would go to Libby for the announcement.
But the declaration was never made.
Derailed by White House
Interviews and documents show that just days before the EPA was set to make the declaration, the
plan was thwarted by the White House Office of Management and Budget, which had been told of the
proposal months earlier.
Both the budget office and the EPA acknowledge that the White House agency was actively involved,
but neither agency would discuss how or why.
The EPA's chief spokesman Joe Martyak said, "Contact OMB for the details."
Budget office spokesperson Amy Call said, "These questions will have to be addressed to the EPA."
Call said the budget office provided wording for the EPA to use, but she declined to say why the White
House opposed the declaration and the public notification.
"These are part of our internal discussions with EPA, and we don't discuss predecisional deliberations,"
Call said.
Both agencies refused Freedom of Information Act requests for documents to and from the White
House Office of Management and Budget.
The budget office was created in 1970 to evaluate all budget, policy, legislative, regulatory, procurement
and management issues on behalf of the president.
Office interfered before
Former EPA administrator William Ruckelshaus, who worked for Presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald
Reagan, called the decision not to notify homeowners of the dangers posed by Zonolite insulation "the
wrong thing to do."
"When the government comes across this kind of information and doesn't tell people about it, I just think
it's wrong, unconscionable, not to do that," he said. "Your first obligation is to tell the people living in
these homes of the possible danger.
They need the information so they can decide what actions are best for their family. What right does the
government have to conceal these dangers? It just doesn't make sense."
But, he added, pressure on the EPA from the budget office or the White House is not unprecedented.
Ruckelshaus, who became the EPA's first administrator when the agency was created by Nixon in
1970, said he never was called by the president directly to discuss agency decisions. He said the same
held true when he was called back to lead the EPA by Reagan after Anne Gorsuch Burford's
scandal-plagued tenure.
Calls from a White House staff member or the Office of Management and Budget were another matter.
"The pressure could come from industry pressuring OMB or if someone could find a friendly ear in the
White House to get them to intervene," Ruckelshaus said. "These issues like asbestos are so technical,
often so convoluted, that industry's best chance to stop us or modify what we wanted to do would
come from OMB."
The question about what to do about Zonolite insulation was not the only asbestos-related issue in
which the White House intervened.
In January, in an internal EPA report on problems with the agency's much-criticized response to the
terrorist attacks in New York City, a section on "lessons learned" said there was a need to release
public health and emergency information without having it reviewed and delayed by the White House.
"We cannot delay releasing important public health information," said the report. "The political
consequences of delaying information are greater than the benefit of centralized information
management."
It was the White House budget office's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs that derailed the
Libby declaration. The regulatory affairs office is headed by John Graham, who formerly ran the
Harvard Center for Risk Analysis.
His appointment last year was denounced by environmental, health and public advocacy groups, who
claimed his ties to industry were too strong. Graham passes judgment over all major national health,
safety and environmental standards.
Sen. Dick Durbin, D-Ill., urged colleagues to vote against Graham's appointment, saying Graham would
have to recuse himself from reviewing many rules because affected industries donated to the Harvard
University Center.
Thirty physicians, 10 of them from Harvard, according to The Washington Post, wrote the committee
asking that Graham not be confirmed because of "a persistent pattern of conflict of interest, of
obscuring and minimizing dangers to human health with questionable cost-benefit analyses, and of
hostility to governmental regulation in general."
Repeated requests for interviews with Graham or anyone else involved in the White House budget
office decision were denied.
"It was like a gut shot"
Whitman, Horinko and some members of their top staff were said to have been outraged at the White
House intervention.
"It was like a gut shot," said one of those senior staffers involved in the decision. "It wasn't that they
ordered us not to make the declaration, they just really, really strongly suggested against it. Really
strongly. There was no choice left."
She and other staff members said Whitman was personally interested in Libby and the national
problems spawned by its asbestos-tainted ore. The EPA's inspector general had reported that the
agency hadn't taken action more than two decades earlier when it had proof that the people of Libby
and those using asbestos-tainted Zonolite products were in danger.
Whitman went to Libby in early September 2001 and promised the people it would never happen again.
"We want everyone who comes in contact with vermiculite — from homeowners to handymen — to
have the information to protect themselves and their families," Whitman promised.
Suits, bankruptcies grow
Political pragmatists in the agency knew the administration was angered that a flood of lawsuits had
caused more than a dozen major corporations — including W.R. Grace — to file for bankruptcy
protection. The suits sought billions of dollars on behalf of people injured or killed from exposure to
asbestos in their products or workplaces.
Republicans on Capitol Hill crafted legislation — expected to be introduced next month — to stem the
flow of these suits.
Nevertheless, Whitman told her people to move forward with the emergency declaration. Those in the
EPA who respect their boss fear that Whitman may quit.
She has taken heat for other White House decisions such as a controversial decision on levels of
arsenic in drinking water, easing regulations to allow 50-year-old power plants to operate without
implementing modern pollution controls and a dozen other actions which environmentalists say favor
industry over health.
Newspapers in her home state of New Jersey ran front page stories this month saying Whitman had
told Bush she wanted to leave the agency.
Spokesman Martyak said his boss is staying on the job.
EPA was poised to act
In October, the EPA complied with a Freedom of Information Act request and gave the Post-Dispatch
access to thousands of documents — in nine large file boxes. There were hundreds of e-mails, scores
of "action memos" describing the declaration and piles of "communication strategies" for how the
announcement would be made.
The documents illustrated the internal and external battle over getting the declaration and announcement
released.
One of the most contentious concerns was the anticipated national backlash from the Libby declaration.
EPA officials knew that if the agency announced that the insulation in Montana was so dangerous that
an emergency had to be declared, people elsewhere whose homes contained the same contaminated
Zonolite would want answers or perhaps demand to have their homes cleaned.
The language of the declaration was molded to stress how unique Libby was and to play down the
national problem.
But many in the agency's headquarters and regional offices didn't buy it.
In a Feb. 22 memo, the EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics said "the national ramifications
are enormous" and estimated that if only 1 million homes have Zonolite "(are) we not put in a position to
remove their (insulation) at a national cost of over $10 billion?"
The memo also questioned the agency's claim that the age of Libby's homes and severe winter
conditions in Montana required a higher level of maintenance, which in turn meant increased
disturbance of the insulation in the homes there.
It's "a shallow argument," the memo said. "There are older homes which exist in harsh or harsher
conditions across the country. Residents in Maine and Michigan might find this argument flawed."
No one knows precisely how many dwellings are insulated with Zonolite. Memos from the EPA and the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry repeatedly cite an estimate of between 15 million
and 35 million homes.
A government analysis of shipping records from W.R. Grace show that at least 15.6 billion pounds of
vermiculite ore was shipped from Libby to 750 plants and factories throughout North America.
Between a third and half of that ore was popped into insulation and usually sold in 3-foot-high kraft
paper bags.
Government extrapolations and interviews with former W.R. Grace Zonolite salesmen indicate that
Illinois may have as many as 800,000 homes with Zonolite, Michigan as many as 700,000. Missouri is
likely to have Zonolite in 380,000 homes.
With four processing plants in St. Louis, it is estimated that more than 60,000 homes, offices and
schools were insulated with Zonolite in the St. Louis area alone.
Eventually, the internal documents show, acceptance grew that the agency should declare a public
health emergency.
In a confidential memo dated March 28, an EPA official said the declaration was tentatively set for April
5.
But the declaration never came.
Instead, Superfund boss Horinko on May 9 quietly ordered that asbestos be removed from contaminated
homes in Libby. There was no national warning of potential dangers from Zonolite. And there was no
promise of long-term medical care for Libby's ill and dying. The presence of the White House budget
office is noted throughout the documents. The press announcement of the watered-down decision was
rewritten five times the day before it was released to accommodate budget office wording changes
that played down the dangers.
Dangers of Zonolite
The asbestos in Zonolite, like all asbestos products, is believed to be either a minimal risk or no risk if it is
not disturbed. The asbestos fibers must be airborne to be inhaled. The fibers then become trapped in
the lungs, where they may cause asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma, a fast-moving cancer of
the lung's lining.
The EPA's files are filled with studies documenting the toxicity of tremolite, how even minor disruptions
of the material by moving boxes, sweeping the floor or doing repairs in attics can generate asbestos
fibers.
This also has been confirmed by simulations W.R. Grace ran in Weedsport, N.Y., in July 1977; by 1997
studies by the Canadian Department of National Defense; and by the U.S. Public Health Service, which
reported in 2000, that "even minimal handling by workers or residents poses a substantial health risk."
Last December, a study by Christopher Weis, the EPA's senior toxicologist supporting the Libby project,
reported that "the concentrations of asbestos fibers that occur in air following disturbance of
(insulation) may reach levels of potential human health concerns."
Most of those who have studied the needle-sharp tremolite fibers in the Libby ore consider them far
more dangerous than other asbestos fibers.
In October, the EPA team leading the cleanup of lower Manhattan after the attacks of Sept. 11 went to
Libby to meet with Peronard and his crew. The EPA had reversed an early decision and announced that
it would be cleaning asbestos from city apartments.
Libby has been a laboratory for doing just that.
Peronard told the visitors from New York just how dangerous tremolite is. He talked about the hands-on
research in Libby of Dr. Alan Whitehouse, a pulmonologist who had worked for NASA and the Air Force
on earlier projects before moving to Spokane, Wash.
"Whitehouse's research on the people here gave us our first solid lead of how bad this tremolite is,"
Peronard said.
Whitehouse has not only treated 500 people from Libby who are sick and dying from exposure to
tremolite. The chest specialist also has almost 300 patients from Washington shipyards and the Hanford,
Wash., nuclear facility who are suffering health effects from exposure to the more prevalent chrysotile
asbestos.
Comparing the two groups, Whitehouse has demonstrated that the tremolite from Libby is 10 times as
carcinogenic as chrysotile and probably 100 times more likely to produce mesothelioma than chrysotile.
W.R. Grace has maintained that its insulation is safe. On April 3 of this year, the company wrote a letter
to Whitman again insisting its product was safe and that no public health declaration or nationwide
warning was warranted.
Dr. Brad Black, who runs the asbestos clinic in Libby and acts as health officer for Montana's Lincoln
County, says "people have a right to be warned of the potential danger they may face if they disturb
that stuff."
Martyak, chief EPA spokesman, argues that the agency has informed the public of the potential dangers.
"It's on our Web site," he said.
Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash., is sponsoring legislation to ban asbestos in the United States. She said the
Web site warning is a joke.
"EPA's answer that people have been warned because it's on their Web site is ridiculous," she said. "If
you have a computer, and you just happened to think about what's in your attic, and you happen to be
on EPA's Web page, then you get to know. This is not the way the safety of the public is handled.
"We, the government, the EPA, the administration have a responsibility to at least let people know the
information so they can protect themselves if they go into those attics," she said.
What you should know about asbestos dangers
Zonolite insulation has been produced and sold for home and business use for more than half a
century. The featherweight, silverish-brown pieces of popcornlike vermiculite are usually the size of a
nickel or dime, but some firms have sold pea-size vermiculite.
Here's what government experts say you should do:
If you're a homeowner: Stay away from Zonolite insulation, and leave it alone.
Asbestos is dangerous only when the material is disturbed and the fibers become airborne and can be
drawn into the lungs.
If you must work in the attic: "If you're a do-it-yourselfer or someone who's in attics every day — like
electricians, telephone people, cable installers, the heating and cooling people — get and wear the
proper respirator and change your clothes before you go home," says Paul Peronard of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
If you don't know whether you have Zonolite but think you might: Do not let children play in the area. Do
not sweep the Zonolite or use a normal vacuum cleaner. This will just recirculate the dangerous fibers,
which could linger in the air for days. There are vacuum cleaners on the market that come with highly
sensitive HEPA filters that will capture the fibers.
If you want to find out about the material in your attic: There are asbestos testing laboratories in or near
most communities.
If you want Zonolite removed: For do-it-yourselfers, the EPA and many state and local health
departments can tell you the safest way to get rid of the insulation.
Professional cleanup help is available, but hiring a professional asbestos remover can be costly. To
avoid potential conflicts of interest, have the insulation tested by one firm and removed by another.
State and local agencies have the names and numbers of people trained, equipped and licensed to do
this work.
Carefully check out the credentials of those you hire. An untrained or sloppy crew can spread
asbestos throughout your house or office.
For more information:
U.S. EPA — National Asbestos Hot Line: 1-800-368-5888
U.S. EPA Region 7 (Missouri): 1-800-223-0425
U.S. EPA Region 5 (Illinois): 1-800-621-8431
EPA Web site: www.epa.gov (search for vermiculite)
Missouri — Office of Environmental Health and Air Pollution Control: 1-800-392-7245
St. Louis County Health Department, Air Pollution Control: 314-615-8923 or 8924
St. Louis, Division of Air Pollution Control: 314-613-7300
Illinois: The health departments in Madison, St. Clair, Monroe and Clinton counties say they refer all calls
involving asbestos to the Illinois Department of Public Health: 1-217-782-5830
Reporter Andrew Schneider:
E-mail: aschneider@post-dispatch.com
Phone: 314-340-8101
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