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Politics : War -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: lorne who wrote (18874)	1/15/2003 1:52:59 PM
From: hdl	Read Replies (2) \| Respond to of 23908

suppose muslims take a few israelis and torture or kill them. what should israelis do to their muslim prisoners? should israelis trade 1,000 prisoners who are terrorists for a few israelis who are innocent?

To: lorne who wrote (18874)	1/16/2003 4:00:54 AM
From: GUSTAVE JAEGER	Read Replies (2) \| Respond to of 23908

TOLD YOU SO.... On Byzantine Europe vs Roman America (): Byzantium* (Source: George Ostrogorsky: History of the Byzantine State. 1969, Rutgers University Press. Peter Classen, 'Romanum gubernans Imperium: Zur Vorgeschichte der Kaisertitulatur Karls des Großen,' Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 1952, 9:103-21) The Emperors in Constantinople retained the Latin titles imperator, Caesar, Augustus in Greek translation: autokratôr, kaisar, augoustos. The first term is a pre-existing Greek word meaning literally "ruler of one's self" hence "plenipotentiary" (for an ambassador) or "absolute" (for a ruler). The other two terms are simply transliterations of the Latin terms into Greek (one also finds Augustus translated as sebastos, which corresponds to the common word augustus in the religious sense. On coins and in documents the style was usually Dominus noster N. imperator perpetuus/semper augustus (Leo I had replaced the phrase pius felix with perpetuus). In 629, Heraclius replaced them with the style pistos en Christôi Basileus, "king faithful in Christ." The word basileus meant king in Greek, and had been commonly used to designate foreign rulers such as the king of the Persians, or even Attila. Afterwards, however, basileus meant more specifically the ruler of the Byzantine empire, and corresponded to the term of emperor. Heraclius also instituted a system of co-Emperors, allowing the Emperor to appoint a successor in his lifetime. The senior Emperor, or only Emperor in the absence of a co-Emperor, became known as the autokratôr (starting with Heraclonas, son and successor of Heraclius in 641); but under the Paleologoi, in the 14th c., it was also conferred on the first co-Emperor. [...] heraldica.org EU's 2-leader plan: smaller nations beg to differ Thomas Fuller/IHT International Herald Tribune Thursday, January 16, 2003 PARIS Deep divisions emerged in the European Union on Wednesday over a joint French and German proposal to install two presidents at the helm of the expanding bloc. President Jacques Chirac of France and Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder of Germany agreed during a late-night meeting Tuesday to a compromise plan that would overhaul the Union's power structure in order to help prepare it for the admission of 10 new countries next year. But the idea of two presidents, which supporters say would help personify what is today a faceless bureaucracy in Brussels, came under swift criticism Wednesday by leaders of small countries in the Union afraid of domination by Europe's big powers. "The Netherlands rejects these proposals," said Apzo Nicolae, deputy foreign minister and secretary for European affairs. "This is not the right direction." Nicolae, who said he was awaiting further details of the plan, said the proposal hammered out by Chirac and Schroeder over dinner at the Elysee Palace in Paris would shut out smaller countries because it would abolish the current system of rotating responsibilities among all 15 members of the Union. Others - including the European Commission itself - criticized the plan for being too confusing, saying that power distribution in the Union was complicated enough without two competing presidents. "There are potential problems," said Jonathan Todd, a spokesman for the commission. "There might be problems in having two centers of power on the same footing. Obviously we'll need to study in what way such a system might function properly." Diplomats said Wednesday that it was unlikely that the French and German plan would be adopted in its current form but that it would serve as a starting point for the crucial debate over how power will be shared in Brussels. [...] iht.com (*) Message 17054621