Pentagon Planning Agenda On Iraq
By Michael T. Klare - a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College in Amherst, Mass., and the author of Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (Owl Books/Henry Holt). He is a frequent contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus on military affairs.
Published: Feb 26 2003
[This article was orginally published by Foreign Policy In Focus, and is reprinted with permission.]
The Pentagon's schedule for war will likely mean that the U.N. inspection process in Iraq is nearing its conclusion. As planned, the United States appears to be moving steadily toward an invasion of that country aimed at removing Saddam Hussein and installing a new, more pliant government. The Bush administration argues that the timing of this move is a response to the imminent exhaustion of the inspection process. In fact, it is the other way around: The inspections were allowed to move forward by Washington only so long as they did not interfere with the pace of U.S. military preparations. Now that U.S. forces are ready to strike, the inspections can be dispensed with entirely.
For months, the attention of much of the world has been focused on the diplomatic contest at the United Nations over the wording of Security Council resolutions on Iraq and the scope of the U.N. inspections process. This has led many observers to conclude that the pace and timing of the coming showdown with Iraq has largely been determined by the dynamics of diplomatic debate in New York. However, it is not diplomacy that has determined the timing of war but rather the outcome of disputes within the administration over the nature of the war plan to be followed.
From the available evidence, namely the accounts of those with access to senior administration officials, President Bush gave his approval for the initiation of advance planning for a war with Iraq at some point following the 9/11 terror attacks, and certainly before his "axis of evil" statement in February 2002. By the spring of 2002, newspapers were reporting that the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), General Tommy R. Franks, was well advanced in early preparations for a war, and was meeting regularly with senior Pentagon officials in Washington to develop the basic plan of attack. By this point, senior American officials were also meeting with military and government leaders in friendly Middle Eastern countries to secure permission to deploy U.S. troops on their territory in anticipation of an assault on Iraq.
But this is when an internal Pentagon struggle over timing and tactics arose. Many senior officials in Washington, led by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz, favored an innovative plan of attack that would require a relatively small invasion force of approximately 50,000 to 75,000 U.S. combat troops. This plan, modeled on the war in Afghanistan, would have relied on the heavy use of American air power combined with the extensive use of U.S. Special Forces and "proxy" armies made up of anti-Hussein Kurds and Shiites. This plan was particularly attractive to many administration officials because it could be implemented quickly -- by the early fall of 2002 -- thus reducing the risk that international diplomacy and domestic protest would be able to erect any barriers to a U.S. attack.
Afghanistan Redux Plan
The "Afghanistan Redux" plan was opposed, however, by many senior military officers -- uncomfortable from the beginning with the idea of invading Iraq and occupying Baghdad -- who feared that the small American invasion force would be chewed up by Iraqi armored divisions. They lobbied instead for a more conservative plan, entailing the deployment of about 200,000 American combat troops, backed up by a powerful armada of ships and planes. This plan, sometimes called "Desert Storm Lite," would have required an additional several months to put into motion, pushing the theoretical starting date for a war into February 2003. (The terms "Afghan War Redux" and "Desert Storm Lite" appear in an article by Pentagon correspondent Thomas E. Ricks in The Washington Post on July 31, 2002.)
All last summer, senior administration officials fought over which of these plans (or variations thereof) should be adopted. On one side in this debate were the administration "chicken hawks" (so called because they had largely avoided military duty over the course of their careers) like Rumsfeld, Wolfowitz and Douglas Feith (the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy); on the other side were career military officers, led by General Franks of CENTCOM. According to some reports, Franks was repeatedly sent back to his headquarters in Florida to redesign the attack plan because his proposals were considered too conservative (i.e., too slow) by the chicken hawks in Washington.
From what can now be determined, it appears that President Bush finally made a decision on which of these invasion plans to follow in late August. Possibly fearing the political fallout of a battlefield disaster should a lightly equipped U.S. invasion force confront heavily armed Iraqi forces, Bush selected the more conservative military strategy favored by Tommy Franks. At that point, the countdown to war began in earnest as preparations got underway for the deployment of some 200,000 U.S. combat troops to the Middle East.
But no matter how eager the chicken hawks were to go to war, it is not possible to move 200,000 troops and all their equipment to a battlefield 8,000 miles away overnight. It takes time: six months at a minimum. So, when President Bush gave the go ahead in late August, the earliest starting time for the initial attack automatically became late February or early March of 2003. Since early September everyone in the know in Washington has been aware that the war will break out sometime around March 1st, give or take a few days.
Nothing to Lose by Going to the U.N.
It was only after these decisions had been taken that President Bush went to the United Nations in New York and pleaded for one last effort to disarm Saddam Hussein through vigorous U.N. action. Because his forces would not be ready to strike for another six months, Bush evidently concluded that he had nothing to lose by giving the United Nations more time to act, even though he clearly believed that U.N. action was pointless. At the same time, going to New York and asking for U.N. action allowed him to quiet those domestic critics (including some senior Republicans) who felt that a veneer of international support was necessary to lend a degree of legitimacy to the planned U.S. invasion.
All last fall, it appeared that U.S. diplomats led by Secretary of State Colin Powell were in agony over the slowness of deliberations at the U.N. Security Council. But while there is no doubt that Powell genuinely sought international backing for the attack, he was never quite as anxious about the pace of events as he appeared to be because he knew that the fighting could not begin until February 2003, at the earliest. It is only now, with the onset of battle but weeks ahead, that Powell is truly concerned about the tempo of diplomatic action, struggling now to obtain a second U.N. resolution authorizing the use of force before the troops commence their attack.
Clearly, it has been the pacing of U.S. war preparations and not the political environment at the United Nations that has shaped administration strategy over the past few months. Until now, the White House has been able to conceal this underlying reality because so many eyes were focused on developments at the U.N. headquarters in New York. Once the fighting begins, however, the outright cynicism and deceitfulness of the U.S. strategy will quickly become apparent, further turning world opinion against the United States.
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