To: Edscharp who wrote (14709 ) 4/20/2003 11:57:59 AM From: 49thMIMOMander Respond to of 21614 No, it is not vague, but a very traditional definition of the 2-party system USA has. Checks&balances specifically includes that at least of the three insitutions, house,congres and president is run by "the other party" (Except for the short times inbetween presidential-congressional elections as they were interleaved as such to specifically avoid the present situation, that is how "traditional" it is) Another factor is the telecom act of 1996 which got rid of the regulation that radio,Tv,etc had some responsibility for being "balanced", that is, the "fourth estate" Not to forget the way the seats on the supreme court has evolved, that is, the fourth insitution. Some point a one starting point, inclusion of "sex education" in schools in early 1970s, resulting in the political organization of "the religious right" in addition to more and more "think-tanks" with little responsibility but all the more influence over both media, elections and thus congress. Not to forget campaign financing. That is, all factors in increasing the "worst part" of a 2-party system, that small extreme groups become the ones who first have to be suitably activated, promises made using smart rethorics, and then actually vote to achive that razor-thin margin of 1-2-3%, especially in key-districts. That is, a system try to balance using what is called a bang-bang feedback system, only two adversarial, opposite possibilities, parties. Usually somewhat marginally stable by having between 3 to 5 (as above) bang-bang systems in the hope that not all will bang in the same direction at the same time. Another 2-party factor is the one of "frustration", that in the process of activating the extreme groups promises must be made, speeches spoken, and after a possible victory in the elections usually little can (luckily) be actually implemented. Plus the basic mechanism that in a 2-party system half of the population loses anyway, the "winner-takes-all" aspect. (or actually some 60-65% in a "third party" case, or 65-85% considering voter activity, due to that same frustration) Ilmarinen One example, one could expect a very thin margin, like the dangling chads in FLorida, would result in somewhat moderate policies, as no clear majority was found among the people. Not exactly the way it then continued and continues. (and the worst, all the rethoric and propaganda needed to avoid that the republic as a whole, or at least as a half, or just the "elite" would (publicly) reflect on these things) Not to forget the "backlash" which in general might follow a triple-bang-bang system when all bangs go the same way, the traditional checks&balances has disappeared??