To: Jacob Snyder who wrote (98002 ) 5/12/2003 4:46:41 PM From: Jacob Snyder Respond to of 281500 Tolstoy, on violence as a tool for political change: In 1909, the young Gandi wrote to Tolstoy (who was very ill, near the end of his life), asking for permission to distribute Tolstoy's "A Letter to a Hindu". cyberspacei.com There were, at the time, terrorist organizations carrying out a campaign of "targetted assassinations" of British officials, to achieve Indian independence. The British were responding with mass arrests, closing newspapers, deportations, shooting demonstrators, hanging terrorists, etc. Excerpts: You say that the English have enslaved your people and hold them in subjection because the latter have not resisted resolutely enough and have not met force by force. But the case is just the opposite. If the English have enslaved the people of India it is just because the latter recognized, and still recognize, force as the fundamental principle of the social order. In accord with that principle they submitted to their little rajahs, and on their behalf struggled against one another, fought the Europeans, the English, and are now trying to fight with them again. A commercial company enslaved a nation comprising two hundred millions. Tell this to a man free from superstition and he will fail to grasp what these words mean. What does it mean that thirty thousand people, not athletes, but rather weak and ordinary people, have enslaved two hundred millions of vigorous, clever, capable, freedom-loving people? Do not the figures make it clear that not the English, but the Indians, have enslaved themselves ? ...When the Indians complain that the English have enslaved them it is as if drunkards complained that the (winesellers) who have settled among them have enslaved them. ...The recognition that love represents the highest morality was nowhere denied or contradicted, but this truth was so interwoven everywhere with all kinds of falsehoods which distorted it, that finally nothing of it remained but words. It was taught that this highest morality was only applicable to private life-for home use, as it were-but that in public life all forms of violence-such as imprisonment, executions, and wars-might be used for the protection of the majority against a minority of evildoers, though such means were diametrically opposed to any vestige of love. ...if some men claim to decide who is to be subjected to violence of all kinds for the benefit of others, these men to whom violence is applied may, in turn, arrive at a similar conclusion with regard to those who have employed violence to them...