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Politics : Foreign Affairs Discussion Group -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?

To: Nadine Carroll who wrote (102905)	6/25/2003 7:18:28 PM
From: Ilaine	Read Replies (1) \| Respond to of 281500

Nadine, if the writer(s) wanted to say that the Romans forced all Jews out of Israel after the Bar Kochba revolt, she/he/they would have said so. I think what the writer is doing is writing history using the concept of historical agency, instead of the traditional oppressor-oppressed victimology approach. Some were victimized, some weren't. I am open to other interpretations but this is not the only source I've read that says that after 135AD the Romans only expelled/killed/enslaved the rebellious Jews, and refused to allow them to enter Jerusalem except once a year. They also instituted anti-Jewish laws, e.g., abolishing circumcision, reading the Torah, and eating unleavened bread during Passover. Admittedly it must have been difficult to live under those conditions, but it's not the same as expelling all Jews from Israel. Some converted to Christianity, some moved elsewhere, and some remained.

To: Nadine Carroll who wrote (102905)	6/25/2003 7:48:51 PM
From: Ilaine	Respond to of 281500

Two more sources that describe Jewish history after the Bar Kochba revolution but mysteriously fail to mention that the Jews were expelled from Israel - Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and US-Israel.org's "Timeline of the History of Judaism." Hadrian was very harsh towards the Jews, circa 136AD, but his successor, Antoninus Pius, repealed the harsh treatment instituted by Hadrian, circa 138AD. Gibbon: >>Toleration of the Jewish religion Notwithstanding these repeated provocations, the resentment of the Roman princes expired after the victory, nor were their apprehensions continued beyond the period of war and danger. By the general indulgence of Polytheism, and by the mild temper of Antoninus Pius, the Jews were restored to their ancient privileges, and once more obtained the permission of circumcising their children, with the easy restraint that they should never confer on any foreign proselyte that distinguishing mark of the Hebrew race.(4) The numerous remains of that people, though they were still excluded from the precincts of Jerusalem, were permitted to form and to maintain considerable establishments both in Italy and in the provinces, to acquire the freedom of Rome, to enjoy municipal honours, and to obtain at the same time an exemption from the burdensome and expensive offices of society. The moderation or the contempt of the Romans gave a legal sanction to the form of ecclesiastical policy which was instituted by the vanquished sect. The patriarch, who had fixed his residence at Tiberias, was empowered to appoint his subordinate ministers and apostles, to exercise a domestic jurisdiction, and to receive from his dispersed brethren an annual contribution. (5) New synagogues were frequently erected in the principal cities of the empire; and the sabbaths, the fasts, and the festivals, which were either commanded by the Mosaic law or enjoined by the traditions of the Rabbis, were celebrated in the most solemn and public manner. (6) Such gentle treatment insensibly assuaged the stern temper of the Jews. Awakened from their dream of prophecy and conquest, they assumed the behaviour of peaceable and industrious subjects. Their irreconcilable hatred of mankind, instead of flaming out in acts of blood and violence, evaporated in less dangerous gratifications. They embraced every opportunity of over-reaching the idolaters in trade, and they pronounced secret and ambiguous imprecations against the haughty kingdom of Edom.(7)<< ccel.org US-Israel.org: >>Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development: 70-400/600 CE First Jewish Revolt against Rome: 66-73 Vespasian gives Yochanan ben Zakkai permission to establish a Jewish center for study at Yavneh that will become the hub for rabbinic Judaism: 69 Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple: 70 (Yohanan ben Zakkai), with rabbinic ordination: ca. 73 Last stand of Jews at Masada: 73 Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues: ca. 90-100 Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture: ca. 90-150 Jewish Revolts against Rome in Cyprus, Egypt and Cyrene. The Great Synagogue and the Great Library in Alexandria are destroyed as well as the entire Jeiwsh community of Cyprus. Afterwards, Jews were forbidden on Cyprus: 114-117 Rabbi Akiva active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism: 120-135 Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt). Roman forces kill an estimated half a million Jews and destroy 985 villages and 50 fortresses: 132-135 Hadrian renames Jerusalem Aelia Capatolina and builds a Pagan temple over the the site of the Second Temple. He also forbids Jews to dwell there: 136 Antoninus Pius, Hadrian's sucessor, repeals many of the previously instituted harsh policies towards Jews: 138- 161 Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats Jews relatively well, allowing them to participate in public offices and be exempt from formalities contrary to Judaism. However, he did not allow the Jews to convert anyone: 193-211 Mishnah (Jewish oral law) compiled/edited under Judah the Prince: ca. 200 Judah the Prince moves the seat of learning from Beth Shearim to Tzipori: 203 Roman Emperor Cracalla allows free Jews within the empire to become full Roman citizens: 212 Age of Amriam: Acadamies established and served as the focal point of Jewish life: 220-470 Emperor Alexander Severus allowed for a revival of Jewish rights, including permission to visit Jerusalem: 222- 235<< us-israel.org