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Politics : Foreign Affairs Discussion Group -- Ignore unavailable to you. Want to Upgrade?


To: Graystone who wrote (110175)8/6/2003 8:38:40 AM
From: Neocon  Respond to of 281500
 
I can't quite imagine why you think that Australia has no stake in all of this:

The Prime Minister's Statement to the Parliament on Iraq, May 14, 2003

Mr Speaker, the House will recall that on the 18 March this year it resolved to support the government’s decision to commit Australian Defence Force personnel to the international coalition to disarm Iraq. The coalition undertook to enforce Iraq’s compliance with its obligations under successive resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, with a view to restoring peace and security to that area of the Middle East. Mr Speaker, I am pleased to report that the coalition’s major combat operations in Iraq have been successfully concluded.

Australian military forces participated with just cause, in an action properly based in international law, which resulted in the liberation of an oppressed people.

Australia’s defence forces acquitted themselves with great distinction and professionalism. They rightly won the admiration not only of the Australian people but also our allies.


I know that all Australians will join me in expressing our immense gratitude that no Australian casualties have so far been sustained.

I have been told by many senior members of the Australian Defence Force that the absence of casualties is due, in no small measure, to the predeployment of our forces some weeks before the military operation commenced.

This pre-positioning, added weight to the attempt to pressure Saddam Hussein into compliance and, more importantly, it gave our people the opportunity to prepare and acclimatise – enhancing their performance and their security in the event of conflict.

Not only was the victory achieved quickly but the doomsday predictions were not realised: the oil wells were not set on fire; there were not millions of refugees; the dams on the Tigris and the Euphrates were not breached to bring on catastrophic flooding; there was no long drawn-out bloody siege for Baghdad. For all this we are extremely grateful.

The decisive victory of the American-led coalition reflects great credit on the strength and determination of President Bush’s leadership. It also has immense implications, not least the momentum it has already begun to generate towards achieving a Middle East peace settlement.

President Bush and his administration are determined to all that they can to advance the peace process between Israel and the Palestinians.

The President made this very clear to me during our recent discussions in the United States.

Now that the major combat phase is over and efforts in Iraq rightly turn to humanitarian assistance, we have begun to bring home our defence personnel.

This month we will be welcoming home the HMAS ANZAC AND DARWIN, the airmen and women and support crews deployed with the F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, the majority of the Special Air Service units, the Commando and Incident Response Regiment elements, the CH 47 Helicopter Detachment, and the Navy clearance diver team.

Some military forces are still required to restore peace and security and assist in the rehabilitation of the Iraqi nation.

Our military deployment will be limited given current commitments in our own region. Many other nations have indicated a willingness to provide peacekeeping assistance in Iraq. The government has made clear all along that Australia would not be in a position to provide peacekeeping forces in Iraq. Our coalition partners clearly understood and accepted our position.

However, the following ADF capabilities will either remain or be deployed to Iraq: an Australian National Headquarters element; the HMAS SYDNEY; the HMAS KANIMBLA and a naval task group command element; an Army commando element for a brief period; two P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft and support; two C130 Hercules transport aircraft and support; an air traffic control element to support air operations at Baghdad International Airport; a security group for the new Australian Representational Mission in Baghdad; as well as civilian and military experts working on locating and eliminating WMD in Iraq.

Our commitment for this phase of the operation is currently in the order of 1,200 personnel. For Australia, and the families of those involved, this remains a significant deployment.


It is our intention to ensure that the period of coalition control is kept to a minimum and that the responsibility for governing Iraq is taken up by an Interim Iraqi Authority as soon as practicable. This will be the first step on the pathway to representative government.

It is worth briefly recalling the history of events that led to our decision to participate in the coalition’s operations in Iraq.

The cease-fire of 1991, which concluded the first Gulf War, prohibited Iraq from maintaining any biological, chemical or nuclear weapons capability.

For 12 years the United Nations sought to cajole and coerce Iraq into compliance. Saddam Hussein continued defiance of the United Nations Security Council resolutions, even in the face of a substantial military threat, demonstrated that the community of nations had come to a critical point in this long running conflict. If Saddam Hussein was to be disarmed – we had to be prepared to resort to force.

I remind the House, and through it, the people of Australia, that the Security Council was unanimous in its view that Saddam Hussein had continued his weapons of mass destruction programmes, and that Iraq was, therefore, in material breach of its obligations under a long series of Security Council resolutions.

There has always been a fear that the more nations that possess these weapons, the more likely they will eventually be used. This fear is compounded when they are in the hands of regimes that show a total disregard for common humanity and the rule of law, aggressive and belligerent regimes like that overseen by Saddam Hussein.

But the greatest fear is that these weapons will find their way into the hands of terrorists. The events of 11th September 2001 and the atrocity in Bali have clearly demonstrated that international terrorists have no regard for human life. Terrorist organisations like Al Qaeda want these weapons. And make no mistake – if they obtain them they will use them.

Through its actions in Iraq the coalition has sent a clear signal to other rogue states and terrorist groups alike - the world is prepared to take a stand. We do not for one moment regret that decision. It was right, it was lawful and it was in Australia’s national interest.

The government is enormously proud of the magnificent job done by our forces. They have rightly earned the praise of their coalition partners.

Our forces performed superbly in accordance with their very fine reputation for professionalism and skill and courage. I want, on behalf of the country, to record our deepest admiration, our respect and gratitude to all of them. Most of all, I hope that the situation in Iraq can be stabilised relatively quickly and that all our forces will be home, safely and soon, with their families. I am confident that these sentiments are shared by all Australians. They have done this country proud.

I know that the desire to see them home, is felt most keenly by their families and friends. I am grateful that I had the opportunity to meet some of the families over the last weeks.

There is a special bond between the community and the armed forces which serve their nation’s interests. When our forces are deployed to combat, we feel it all the more keenly. At the heart of that bond is the recognition that military service carries a commitment to sacrifice.

When the I visited Qatar last week I let our people know that everyone in Australia is keen to welcome them home as soon as possible. The nation will have an opportunity to show its heartfelt thanks in the near future. All the men and women involved both in the war in Iraq, and the broader international coalition against terrorism, will be invited to march through the streets of Sydney and Perth. I encourage all who are able, to gather and join in expressing our thanks for a successful operation and our unqualified pleasure at their safe homecoming.

In Qatar I had the pleasure of meeting Brigadier Maurie McNarn, the Commander of Australian National Headquarters in the Middle East. I would like to congratulate Brigadier McNarn, on behalf of the nation, for commanding our forces so successfully. While I know that his family will appreciate these sentiments, I also know that their attention will be overwhelmingly focussed on his homecoming, now just a few short days away.

The military campaign in Iraq was astonishingly speedy and effective. It has been a remarkable campaign and a great tribute to the American military leadership. Most importantly, every attempt was made by the coalition forces to ensure that civilian casualties were kept to an absolute minimum. Our quarrel was with Saddam Hussein’s regime, not with the people of Iraq.

We did not only rely on technology, on the use of precision guided weapons, but also on strict targeting policies. Policies which Saddam Hussein tried to take advantage of. It is a cruel irony that the Iraqi leadership had less regard for the wellbeing of the Iraqi people than the coalition forces – how else can you explain the placement of artillery, military communications systems, munitions stores and the like in urban areas, in schools, in kindergartens, in hospitals.

It is a testament not only to our fighting men and women, but also to our Defence hierarchy, that when missions were aborted out of concern for the impact on civilians, such decisions were praised not admonished.

The government also wants to pay tribute to the contributions of the American, British, and other coalition forces. They have behaved and conducted themselves with great honour and distinction. The coalition has, I believe, set new standards of integrity and ethical behaviour in military conflict. This new attitude reflects the reality that the modern military man or woman is as much a conciliator and a peacekeeper as he or she is a fighter.

The speed and effectiveness of the coalition campaign also reflects the lack of organised military operations by the Iraqi forces against the coalition. Perhaps we should not have been surprised by this. It was probably the first signal of the real feelings of the Iraqi people - they were not willing to sacrifice their lives to save a brutal despot.

Saddam Hussein was not Iraq - once they could be sure that his regime was crumbling, we saw in the streets of Baghdad, in the streets of Basra, and hundreds of other towns all over Iraq expressions of joy – the sheer joy of freedom.

Of course for some that joy will be tempered by sadness. Tragically, despite all the efforts of the coalition, there have been civilian casualties. The death of innocent people – especially children – should always shock and sadden us lest we lose our basic humanity. But when we consider the civilian death and suffering in Iraq now, and we are touched by it and grieve for it, we must not forget the deaths and suffering of millions of Iraqis over the past twenty-five years.

Saddam Hussein and his regime stand accused of the most serious crimes against humanity. Since Saddam Hussein came to power in 1979, torture and summary executions have been a routine mechanism of state control.

You would have all read the reports of the most diabolical and cruel punishments. The coalition forces have only just begun the task of collecting specific and hard evidence of these terrible violations of human rights. They have already uncovered considerable circumstantial evidence but the task of gathering proof will be time-consuming, difficult, frustrating and harrowing – especially for the families of the victims.

Despite its dark past, Iraq now has a promising future. But, as in the case of all beginnings, it is a period of enormous challenge.

Security is the most important immediate priority. The people of Iraq cannot consider their future until their day-to-day security is assured. They must be able to go to work, to go to school, to meet, to discuss issues freely.

The coalition must also work to provide basic humanitarian support for the Iraqis. Without secure food supplies, clean drinking water, functioning sewage systems, reliable electricity, transport and fuel there will be little opportunity for the Iraqi people to turn their attention to their political infrastructure

It is critical that the world not believe that the current dilapidated state of Iraq’s infrastructure is entirely due to military conflict. Even before the conflict started, Iraq’s infrastructure was severely degraded. The telecommunications network required urgent attention. Oil and gas infrastructure had deteriorated greatly. Electricity generation was less than half its nominal capacity and, partly because of the poor state of the distribution system, power cuts were common. Water supplies were increasingly vulnerable to contamination by raw sewage, and access to safe drinking water was a major concern.

These deficiencies stem from long-standing neglect. It is salutary to consider that more Iraqi lives have been lost to dirty drinking water than to the recent conflict.

Australia takes its rehabilitation responsibilities very seriously. Our contribution – as in the conflict phase - will focus our limited resources in niche areas where we have expertise and where a concentrated effort can make a difference. We have committed some $100 million in aid. We have provided highly skilled personnel to contribute to key humanitarian planning and reconstruction efforts.

We are keen to play a strong role in rehabilitating Iraqi agriculture, an area where our experience of dry-land farming, salination and irrigation may prove useful to the Iraqi people. Another focus of our humanitarian efforts will be in the water and sanitation sector.

In addition to meeting these obligations, the coalition is working hard to rid Iraq of all weapons of mass destruction. The hunt for these weapons will not be easy. We know that in order to protect them from inspectors, the Iraqi regime broke them up and hid them in their disaggregated condition in different parts of the country.

We are starting to uncover the evidence. We have found what appear to be mobile biological weapons production facilities, just like those described by Secretary of State Powell to the Security Council in February.

It is going to take considerable time and resources to complete the investigation and destruction of the regime’s weapons of mass destruction. But at least we will no longer obstructed by a hostile regime.

Australia has joined the United States and the United Kingdom as partners in the coalition transitional authority in Iraq. The coalition’s aim is to create the circumstances in which the Iraqis will have the opportunity to establish a representative government of their choosing. We are not in the business of imposing a particular model of democracy on the Iraqi people.

The transitional phase will be enormously challenging. Restoring political stability and promoting democracy in Iraq are daunting tasks. Iraq has no history of representative democracy and is marked by significant religious and ethnic divides. It will also take time and sustained effort to overcome the corrosive effects of Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship


But Iraq is a relatively modern and sophisticated country with good economic prospects. Not just because of its oil resources but because its people are strong well skilled and have a strong entrepreneurial ethos.

While it is not for the coalition to dictate the form of Iraq’s new government, we will seek to establish a representative process so that Iraqis can, for the first time, choose their leaders via a process that respects democratic principles and respects Iraq’s religious and ethnic mix. As a committed supporter of the Australian democratic system it should be no surprise that I have speculated that a federal model may be appropriate. But again that is up to the Iraqi people to determine the best way to preserve Iraq’s territorial integrity and enhance the stability of immediate region.

The government considers that the United Nations could play a significant, practical, role in support of the transitional processes.

The United Nations is best placed to help mobilise and coordinate aid efforts, help transfer power to the Iraqis and consolidate international acceptance of the new regime. But the Security Council will need to act much more constructively than it has to date if the United Nations is to have any meaningful role in rehabilitating Iraq.

My talks last week with President Bush underlined the deepening and strengthening relationship between our two nations. The relationship between Australia and America has never been stronger. This relationship is not forced or contrived. We are allies because we are friends – close friends. And that friendship is based above all else on a commonality of views. We share a view of the world that values freedom and individual liberty.

Both our nations recognise the threat posed to our communities by international terrorists. We understand the dangers of leaving the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction unchecked. Our long-standing security alliance with the United States provides a solid and reliable basis for us to cooperate on addressing these issues.

The shared intelligence and the access to cutting edge defence and security technologies that the alliance facilitates are vital to ensuring Australia’s security, and will only become more important in the future.

But neither nation seeks to promote this relationship at the expense of another. The government will continue to develop and enhance relationships wherever and whenever we can see an advantage for Australia. Our national interest is best served by a network of alliances and relationships.

I also wish to place on record my great respect for the strength of leadership displayed by the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. Australia’s relationship with the United Kingdom is not a relic of history. It is rich and diverse. It extends across so many generations, in so many areas, and has, of course, been reinforced by recent experience.

Without the determination demonstrated by President Bush and his administration, without the dogged resolve of Mr Blair, Saddam Hussein’s intransigence would never have been addressed.

The strengthening of these long-standing and important ties with America and Britain does not mean for a moment that Australia has diminished other important relationships. Indeed, we have been very careful to ensure that our region understands our involvement in Iraq.

Earlier this year I visited Indonesia to consult President Megawati on this and other matters. Although Indonesia has taken a very different position on Iraq, the President did not want this issue to affect our close bilaterial relationship.

She specifically assured me that Indonesia would not view a military operation to oust Saddam Hussein as an attack on Islam.

Other friends and important regional partners actively supported the coalition’s operations – Japan, Korea, Singapore for example. It is wrong to characterise our participation in Iraq as somehow out-of-step with our neighbours.

Mr Speaker, can I return to the question of Israel and the Palestinians. As I have indicated, I drew great encouragement from President Bush’s clearly stated determination to work as hard as possible to achieve a peace settlement between Israelis and Palestinians. Australia has been a staunch friend and ally of Israel for some 50 years, but we nonetheless recognise the imperative for an independent Palestinian state.

I know that this issue is also very close to the heart of Mr Blair.

I have assured both President Bush and Mr Blair that the Australian government will assist in any way it can to achieve a successful outcome for the new peace process. It will not be easy but one thing should be clearly understood and give hope - there is a great determination on the part of the US administration and the United Kingdom to do everything possible to achieve that objective. If ever there was a moment for the Israeli and Palestinian people to seize – this is it.

We hope that the Iraqis too will seize their moment. The sooner we can get them involved in their own governance, in their administration, the better. For only the Iraqi people are in a position to determine what is in their national interest.

This is the first time in my lifetime that the people of Iraq have a real and genuine opportunity to have a free, open and democratic society. I would hope that I speak for everyone in this place, for every Australian, when we offer them our support and assistance in achieving this objective.

pm.gov.au



To: Graystone who wrote (110175)8/6/2003 8:49:18 AM
From: Neocon  Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 281500
 
Op- ed from Le Monde:
Valeurs transatlantiques, pas si communes

Transatlantic values, not so common

LE MONDE | 03.06.03 | 12h23 • MIS A JOUR LE 03.06.03 | 17h30

Il y a au moins une chose sur laquelle il est de bon ton de s'accorder en haut lieu, de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique : Européens et Américains font partie d'une même communauté de valeurs. " L'Europe et les Etats-Unis partagent les mêmes valeurs, affirmait le président Chirac au Financial Times, lundi 26 mai. Et, dans ce contexte, je ne suis pas inquiet."

There is at least one thing on which it is good taste to agree with in high places, on either side of the Atlantic: Europeans and Americans belong to the same community of values. "Europe and the United States share the same values," affirmed President Chirac in the Financial Times, Monday, May 26. "And, in context, I am not worried".

"Les Etats-Unis et la France défendent les mêmes choses : la liberté, les droits de l'homme, renchérissait quelques jours plus tard Condoleezza Rice, conseillère de M. Bush pour la sécurité nationale, dans un entretien accordé au Monde (daté dimanche 1er-lundi 2 juin). Nos deux peuples ont prospéré dans la liberté et en ont tiré profit."

"The United States and France defend the same things: liberty, the rights of man," Condoleeza Rice, National Securtiy Counselor to Mr. Bush added some days later, in an interview granted to Le Monde (Sunday June 1st- Monday June 2nd). "Our two peoples have prospered in liberty and drawn profit from it."

Une telle convergence de vues devrait rassurer les adeptes du dialogue transatlantique, désespérés par la crise qui empoisonne les relations entre les deux piliers de "l'Occident" depuis l'hiver 2002. Seul problème : sciemment ou non, cette convergence repose sur une analyse trompeuse de la perception des valeurs en Europe et aux Etats-Unis.

Such a convergence of views should reassure the experts at transatlantic dialogue, desperate because of the crisis that poisoned relations between the two "pillars of the West" since the winter of 2002. The only problem: knowingly or not, this convergence rest on an deceptive analysis of the perception of values in Europe and the United States.

Les prémisses sur lesquelles se fondent M. Chirac, Mme Rice et tous ceux qui tiennent le même discours lénifiant résistent difficilement à un examen plus approfondi de ce que l'on entend, ici et là-bas, par "valeurs".

The premises on which Mr. Chirac, Miss Rice, all those who hold the same soothing account resist the difficulty of a deeper examination about what one means, here and there, by "values".

Au-delà de la démocratie représentative et de l'économie de marché, qui restent de vraies valeurs fondamentales communes et qui ne sont sérieusement remises en cause ni d'un côté ni de l'autre, l'évolution des sociétés américaine et européenne au cours des dernières décennies révèle en réalité un fossé grandissant de nature morale, culturelle ou politique, sur des sujets aussi importants que la guerre, la paix, la solidarité sociale, la justice, l'immigration ou la religion.

Beyond representative democracy and the market economy, what remain the true, fundamental common values which are not seriously called into question by one side or the other, the evolution of American and European society in the course of the last decades reveal in reality a great gulf in moral nature, cultural and political, on these subjects that are also important, such as war, peace, social solidarity, justice, immigration, or religion.

La ligne de fracture la plus spectaculaire est apparue à la faveur de l'Irak : elle porte sur les critères de recours à la force, la notion de menace et même de sécurité. Depuis le 11 septembre 2001, les Américains ont une perception de leur sécurité plus aiguë que celle que l'on a de ce côté-ci de l'Atlantique.

The most spectacular fracture appeared in the treatment of Iraq: it hit home on the criteria of the recourse to force, the notion of the menace, and even on security. Since September 11, Americans have a perception of their security more shrill than on this side of the Atlantic.

Leur évaluation de la menace à cette sécurité diffère, elle aussi, de la nôtre. Pendant la guerre froide, l'Europe de l'Ouest et les Etats-Unis avaient la même idée de la menace qui pesait sur leur sécurité - elle découlait du communisme. Aujourd'hui, les contours de la menace sont moins clairement définis, entre terrorisme islamiste, "Etats voyous" et "axe du Mal".

Their evaluation of the menace to security differs also with ours. During the Cold War, Western Europe and the United States had the same idea of the menace which weighed against their security- it came from communism. Today, the contours of the menace are less clearly defined, between terrorism and islamist, rogue states and the "Axis of Evil".

La reaction à la polémique sur la présence ou non d'armes de destruction massive en Irak illustre cette différence de perception : aux Etats-Unis, les sondages d'opinion montrent que les Américains, dans leur majorité, approuvent l'intervention en Irak, même si l'on ne retrouve pas les armes chimiques qui ont servi de prétexte officiel à la guerre, alors que les Européens voient dans cet arsenal introuvable "la manipulation du siècle".

The reaction to the polemic on the presence or not of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq illustrates this difference of perception: in the United States, the opinion polls show that a majority of Americans approve of the Iraq intervention even if the don't find chemical weapons, which served as the official pretext of the war, while the Europeans see in the unfindable arsenal "the manipulation of the century".

Certes, comme le dit Condoleezza Rice, Français et Américains défendent "la liberté". Dans l'absolu. Mais la liberté de qui ? Dans quelles conditions ? Faut-il partir en guerre pour "libérer" un peuple du joug d'un dictateur ?

Certainly, as Condoleeza Rice said, the French and the Americans defend "liberty". In the abstract. But the liberty of whom? Under what conditions? Is it necessary to go to war to liberate a people in the yoke of a dictator?

Dans la crise irakienne, Américains et Français ont à l'unisson affirmé défendre des valeurs morales pour faire valoir des positions opposées : la défense de la liberté et de la démocratie, quitte à les imposer par la force, pour les Américains ; la défense d'un ordre international fondé sur le consensus et le droit, et non pas sur la loi du plus fort, pour les Français. Peut-on parler ici de communauté de valeurs ?

In the Iraq crisis, Americans and the French have together affirmed defending moral values in the course of holding opposing positions: the defense of liberty and democracy, even imposing it by force, for the Americans; the defense of the international order founded on consensus and law, not on the law of the strong, for the French. Can one speak here of a community of values?

Les autres lignes de fracture étaient déjà à l'œuvre avant le 11 septembre 2001, mais la paix et la prospérité des années 1990 dans le monde occidental - ainsi que la présence, à Washington, d'équipes dirigeantes plus à l'écoute des sensibilités européennes - les avaient reléguées au second plan.

The other fault lines were already a work before September 11, 2001, but the peace and prosperity of the '90s in the Occidental world- together with the presence of a team in Washington more inclined to listen to European sensibilities- had put them on the back burner.

Les deux guerres des Balkans en étaient pourtant déjà des révélateurs. Si Européens et Américains sont intervenus ensemble en Bosnie et au Kosovo, c'est autant au nom de valeurs communes (les droits de l'homme, bafoués par Belgrade), certes, qu'au nom d'intérêts communs (la stabilité de l'Europe). Et si les Européens ont eu besoin de l'aide des Américains pour venir à bout de Slobodan Milosevic, c'est parce que leurs budgets de défense ne leur permettent pas de faire face seuls à ce type de menace.

The two Balkan wars were yet already relevance. If Europeans and Americans intervened together in Bosnia and Kosovo, it was as much in the name of common values (the rights of man, beaten down by Belgrade), certainly, as in the name of common interests (the stability of Europe). And if the Europeans needed the help of the Americans to stand up to Slobodan Milosevic, it is because their defense budgets confront only a certain kind of menace.

Pourquoi ? Parce que, en Europe, les priorités budgétaires vont au service public et à la solidarité sociale - santé, éducation, indemnités de chômage, aide aux plus démunis.

Why? Because, in Europe, the budgetary priorities go to public services and social solidarity- health, education, unemployment insurance, and help for the needy.

Ce sont des choix de société fondamentaux, et ce sont des choix qui bénéficient d'un large consensus des deux côtés de l'Atlantique, dans un sens diamétralement opposé : les Américains acceptent le principe d'une société très inégale, même s'ils ne cessent d'essayer d'y remédier, et l'on voit mal les Français, dans le contexte actuel, sacrifier des acquis sociaux pour se donner les moyens d'une défense à la mesure de leurs ambitions diplomatiques.

These are fundamental choices of society, and they are the choices enjoying a large consensus on both sides of the Atlantic, in diametrically opposed ways: the Americans accept the principal of a very unequal society, even if they do not stop trying to improve, and one sees the pain of the French, in the actual context, om sacrificing social acquisitions to give themselves the means for a defense commensurate with their diplomatic ambitions.

Le débat sur la peine de mort est celui sur lequel le fossé des valeurs est souvent apparu comme le plus profond entre Américains et Européens ces dernières années. En réalité, notamment sous la pression des Européens, la peine de mort se "civilise" aux Etats-Unis, où les exemples se multiplient d'abandon d'exécution de condamnés à mort handicapés mentaux ou mineurs au moment des faits qui leur sont reprochés.

The debate on the death penalty is the one on which the gulf in values has often appeared as the most profound between Americans and Europeans these last few years. In reality, notably under European pressure, the death penalty more civilized in the United States, where the examples multiply of abandoning condemning to death the mentally handicapped, or minors at the time the did whatever they are charged with.

Plusieurs Etats ont mis en place des moratoires et des commissions d'enquête sur les erreurs judiciaires. Mais le maintien du principe de la peine capitale dans la grande majorité des Etats et, surtout, l'explosion de la population carcérale américaine depuis une douzaine d'années illustrent une idée de la justice différente de la nôtre.

Several states have put in place moratoria and have commisions of inquiry about judicial errors. But the principle of capital punishment in held by the vast majority of states, and, overall, the explosion of the American incarcerated population in the last dozen years illustates an idea of justic different than ours.

Où que l'on se tourne, nos sociétés fonctionnent majoritairement sur des valeurs différentes. Aux Etats-Unis, fondés par des Européens qui fuyaient l'Europe, l'immigration - contrôlée et réglementée, certes - est perçue comme un atout, un élément de dynamisme, voire comme un outil économique ; en Europe, elle est un problème social.

Wherever one turns, our societies operate on mostly different values. In the United States, founded by Europeans fleeing Europe, immigration- controlled and regulated, certainly- is perceived as an asset, an element of dynamism, seen as an economic tool; in Europe, it is a social problem.

Les Américains voient dans la diversité (ethnique, sexuelle, religieuse) une composante essentielle de la société, qu'il faut même parfois protéger par des mesures artificielles (discrimination positive, quotas plus ou moins officieux) ; nous privilégions l'homogénéité. Le goût du risque est une valeur indispensable pour tout entrepreneur qui se respecte aux Etats-Unis ; en Europe, tout est fait pour atténuer le risque.

Americans see in diversity (ethnic, sexual, religious) an essential component of society, which it is even necessary to protect sometimes by artificial measures (affirmative action, quotas more or less official); we would promote homogeneity. The taste for risk ist an indispensible value for every entrepreneur who respects himself in the United States; in Europe, everything is done to attenuate risk.

Les Américains arborent leur patriotisme à la boutonnière ; combien de Français plantent le drapeau tricolore dans leur jardin le 14 juillet ? Aux Etats-Unis, les lieux de culte, églises, temples, synagogues, mosquées, débordent ; en Europe, les églises ferment et Valéry Giscard d'Estaing omet soigneusement toute référence à Dieu dans sa proposition de préambule pour la future Constitution européenne.

Americans wear their patriotism in their buttonhole; how many Frenchmen put up the tricolored flag in their garden on the fourteenth of July? In the United States, the places of worship, churches, temples, synagogues, mosques overflow; in Europe, the eglises close and Valery Giscard d'Estaing carefully omits all reference to God in the proposed preamble for the future European Constitution.

Cela veut-il dire qu'Européens et Américains n'ont plus rien à se dire ? Au contraire. Car si la "communauté de valeurs" est beaucoup moins concrète que leurs dirigeants aiment à le répéter, il subsiste une communauté d'intérêts, comme l'ont montré les guerres des Balkans et les innombrables liens économiques qui se sont tissés entre les deux continents, et de multiples raisons d'agir ensemble. Mais à visage découvert, sans se voiler la face.

Is it that one wants to say that the Europeans and Americans no longer have nothing more to say to each other? On the contrary. For if the "community of values" is much less concrete than their leaders like to repeat, there subsists a community of interests, as was shown in the Balkan wars and the innumerable economic ties that are woven between the two continents, and the multiple reasons for acting in concert. But openly, without hiding one's face.

Sylvie Kauffmann

Message 18998880 Monde



To: Graystone who wrote (110175)8/6/2003 8:54:30 AM
From: Neocon  Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 281500
 
ANALYSE
Les nouveaux habits de l'OTAN
The new clothes of NATO

LE MONDE | 19.06.03 | 13h23
Si l'annonce de la mort de l'Alliance atlantique était très prématurée, c'est surtout parce que les Etats-Unis ont encore besoin d'elle. Ils le prouvent en prolongeant son existence par de nouvelles missions en Afghanistan et en Irak et, pour la première fois, en évoquant la possibilité qu'elle puisse s'entremettre au Proche-Orient le jour où, le processus de paix enfin engagé, il apparaîtra utile de disposer d'une force d'interposition entre Israéliens et Palestiniens.

If the announcement of the death Altantic Alliance was very premature, it is above all because the United States still needs it. It proves it in prolonging its existence for new missions in Afghanistan and in Irak and, for the first time, in raising the possibility that it can intervene in the Near East on the day where, the peace process concluded, it will appear useful to deploy as a force interposing intself between the Israelis and Palestinians.

C'est une perspective encore très incertaine, mais dans l'air du temps : Dominique de Villepin et Kofi Annan, secrétaire général des Nations unies, avancent des propositions allant dans le même sens.

This is a perspective still very uncertain, but currently in the air: Dominique de Villepin and Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations, advance some propositions going the same direction.

C'est avec le même souci de conforter la pérennité et la visibilité de l'Alliance que Washington affirme nettement que celle-ci - c'est-à-dire les forces américaines - n'est pas près de quitter les Balkans.

It is with the same concern for strengthening the stability and visibility of the Alliance that Washington affirms that American forces are not ready to leave the Balkans.

Cette volonté de procurer une seconde vie à l'Alliance atlantique se concrétise aussi par la montée en puissance d'une force de réaction (NRF) de l'OTAN, susceptible de répondre aux nouvelles menaces que sont la prolifération des armes de destruction massive et le terrorisme international.

This will to gain a second life of the Atlantic Alliance materializes itself also by raising the possibility of a reaction force (NRF) of MATO,capable of responding to new threats such as the proliferation of arms of mass destruction and international terrorism.

La NRF, dont une capacité initiale de 5 000 à 6 000 hommes devrait être opérationnelle en octobre 2004, est l'illustration d'une importante réforme de la structure de commandement : l'OTAN n'a plus besoin de divisions pour s'opposer aux chars du pacte de Varsovie, mais de forces rapides, flexibles, high-tech.

The NRF, with an initial capacity of 5000 to 6000 men is supposed to be operational in October of 2004, is an illustration of an important reform of the command structure: NATO no longer needs divisions to oppose the tanks of the Warsaw Pact, but rapid forces. flexible and high- tech.

Cette évolution, voulue et dirigée par l'Amérique, prend tout son sens si on la rapproche de la vaste réorganisation des forces américaines en Europe, que finalise le Pentagone. C'est une conséquence de la vision stratégique qui prévaut à Washington, où la réévaluation géographique de l'origine des menaces à venir se confond avec la volonté politique de conforter cette "nouvelle Europe" qui est chère au secrétaire américain à la défense, Donald Rumsfeld, parce qu'elle est une alliée sans états d'âme de l'Amérique.

This evolution, desired and sought after by America, took all its significance from the impending vast reorganization of American forces in Europe, concluded by the Pentagon. It is one consequence of the strategic vision which prevails in Washington where reevaluation of the geographic origins of threats came into conflict with the political will to strengthen the "new Europe" which is dear to the American Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, because it is an ally without kindred states.

La Pologne, la Roumanie et la Bulgarie vont accueillir des bases américaines, au détriment notamment de l'Allemagne, qui a perdu une grande partie de son importance stratégique avec la fin de la guerre froide.

Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria are going to welcome American bases, to the notable detriment of Germany, which lost much of its importance with the end of the Cold War.

Les Européens assistent dans l'ensemble sans mot dire à ces bouleversements. Même si l'absence de découverte d'armes de destruction massive en Irak semble confirmer le dossier des pays (France, Allemagne et Belgique) qui se sont rebellés contre la "logique de guerre" de Washington, les lendemains du conflit irakien ont imposé à tous les partenaires de l'Amérique un silence en forme de ralliement.

Europeans assist in this group without saying a word of these upheavals. Even if the failure to discover weapons of mass destruction in Iraq seems to confirm the dossiers of those countries (France, Germany, and Belgium) that rebelled against the "logic of war" of Washington, the days following the Iraqi conflict have imposed on all of America's partners a silence in the form of rallying.

La France, soucieuse d'interrompre une rapide détérioration des relations franco-américaines qui ne pouvait aboutir qu'à son isolement au sein de l'OTAN et en Europe, est devenue le chantre d'une nouvelle doctrine diplomatique, le pragmatisme.

France, concerned about halting a rapid deterioration in Franco- American relations that could lave it alone in the midst of NATO and in Europe, has become the cheerleader for a new diplomatic doctrine, pragmatism....

Laurent Zecchini

Message 19046818 Monde



To: Graystone who wrote (110175)8/6/2003 9:00:40 AM
From: Neocon  Respond to of 281500
 
The foregoing op- ed pieces show that there is a strong tendency to affirm that the crisis is not a permanent rift......



To: Graystone who wrote (110175)8/6/2003 9:03:08 AM
From: Neocon  Respond to of 281500
 
I read your links. I confess, I do not really see your point.......