To: Raymond Duray who wrote (451926 ) 9/3/2003 12:26:49 AM From: laura_bush Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 769667 Karl Rove: Hobbes incarnate I received this in an email with no URL. I like the simplicity of the remarks, whoever made them. I see "Hobbes" and "Locke" tossed around here and there mostly by RW neocon bigots, so I'm glad to have a handy way to begin to understand how those assholes use such historical writers/philosophers to serve their own purposes... _________ John Locke wrote, among others, "Essays Concerning Human Understand". He puts the case against absolutism and for constitutional monarchy, which is a monarchy that is bound by laws. In his theory Locke wanted to show that "civilisation has some independence from the sovereign, and that rights exist independent from the sovereign." What he is speaking of are not rights established by a sovereign or ruling power, but fundamental rights that belong to us as human beings. While both Hobbes and Locke are "state of nature" theorists Hobbes is a conservative, and John Locke is believed to be one of the main founders of liberal theory. Hobbes believed that "man by nature is evil and that, in nature, there is no formal law, no order, no culture, and hope. In other words, a state of total chaos where no man has any individual rights, and all men are at war. Here, life is a constant battle for power, ending in death. All men, by nature, are equal. "Nature hath made men so equal...[that] when all is reckoned together, the difference between man, and man, is not so considerable." In this state, a man's property is what he can take, and what he can prevent others from taking. If one item is desired by two men, they will become enemies, and in order to obtain this item, man will attempt to repress or destroy the other. So that in the nature of man, we find three principle causes of quarrel. First, competition; second, diffidence; third, glory. The first cause is primarily for material gain which involves violence, used generally to become master of your own and other men's property. The second is for personal safety, that is to defend what you have obtained through violence. The third is for reputation and defending one's name." ----------------------------------------------- lb