To: Cary Salsberg who wrote (9022 ) 2/23/2004 3:04:33 PM From: Proud_Infidel Respond to of 25522 Atomic-level lithography to enable nano era Mark LaPedus 02/23/2004 2:00 PM EST SANTA CLARA, Calif.--Atomic-level lithography is expected to emerge and enable a new class of nanotechnology devices over time, but the nanofabrication technique faces cost and integration issues, according to a researcher at IBM Corp. during the SPIE Microlithography conference here today (February 23, 2004). Today, several companies are developing technologies, based on what is called dip-pen lithography. Dip-pen technology, which enables images on a structure one atom at a time, is loosely built around atomic force microscopes (AFMs). The dip-pen approach is a modification of AFM technology and is promising for building a wide variety of devices. Next-generation atomic-level lithography could enable a new wave of breakthrough nanotechnology structures for use in storage, computing, and related applications, said Tomas Theis, director of physical sciences at Thomas J. Watson Research Center at IBM Corp. "Atomic-level lithography is now possible," Theis said during a keynote address at SPIE in San Jose. Among these structures using this technique include nanomechical data storage and molecular cascade logic devices. At the event, the IBM researcher discussed the development of a next-generation storage device, dubbed the Millipede, which is based on MEMS technology. The Millipede is a tiny structure that could store 114 terabits of data per square inch at a transfer rate of 800-Gbs per second. Another future device is a molecular cascade logic device, which is a three-input sorter built around carbon oxide molecules. "We've built this at the atomic scale," he said. "This is the ultimate lithography." Atomic-level lithography faces several challenges, namely the high cost of the technique. "There are fundamental reasons why it is expensive," he said. On the device level, chemical synthesis and self-assembly remain problematic for nanostructures, he said. Still, the question is whether or not these nanotechnology structures will ever replace silicon. "Silicon is going to molecular scale," he said. "But we can still ask: Is there a successor to silicon?" Work is also being done in carbon nanotubes and other self-proclaimed silicon replacement technologies. Silicon could end up like steel and iron, which could last forever in the semiconductor food chain, he added.