Dissension Grows In Senior Ranks On War Strategy
By Thomas E. Ricks
The Washington Post
Sunday 09 May 2004
U.S. May Be Winning Battles in Iraq, Losing the War, Some Officers Say.
Deep divisions are emerging at the top of the U.S. military over the course of the occupation of Iraq,
with some senior officers beginning to say that the United States faces the prospect of casualties for
years without achieving its goal of establishing a free and democratic Iraq.
Their major worry is that the United States is prevailing militarily but failing to win the support of the
Iraqi people. That view is far from universal, but it is spreading, and being voiced publicly for the first
time.
Army Maj. Gen. Charles H. Swannack Jr., the commander of the 82nd Airborne Division, who spent
much of the year in western Iraq, said he believes that at the tactical level at which fighting occurs, the
U.S. military is still winning. But when asked whether he believes the United States is losing, he said,
"I think strategically, we are."
Army Col. Paul Hughes, who last year was the first director of strategic planning for the U.S.
occupation authority in Baghdad, said he agrees with that view and noted that a pattern of winning
battles while losing a war characterized the U.S. failure in Vietnam. "Unless we ensure that we have
coherency in our policy, we will lose strategically," he said in an interview Friday.
"I lost my brother in Vietnam," added Hughes, a veteran Army strategist who is involved in formulating
Iraq policy. "I promised myself, when I came on active duty, that I would do everything in my power to
prevent that [sort of strategic loss] from happening again. Here I am, 30 years later, thinking we will win
every fight and lose the war, because we don't understand the war we're in."
The emergence of sharp differences over U.S. strategy has set off a debate, a year after the United
States ostensibly won a war in Iraq, about how to preserve that victory. The core question is how to
end a festering insurrection that has stymied some reconstruction efforts, made many Iraqis feel less
safe and created uncertainty about who actually will run the country after the scheduled turnover of
sovereignty June 30.
Inside and outside the armed forces, experts generally argue that the U.S. military should remain
there but should change its approach. Some argue for more troops, others for less, but they generally
agree on revising the stated U.S. goals to make them less ambitious. They are worried by evidence
that the United States is losing ground with the Iraqi public.
Some officers say the place to begin restructuring U.S. policy is by ousting Defense Secretary
Donald H. Rumsfeld, whom they see as responsible for a series of strategic and tactical blunders over
the past year. Several of those interviewed said a profound anger is building within the Army at
Rumsfeld and those around him.
A senior general at the Pentagon said he believes the United States is already on the road to defeat.
"It is doubtful we can go on much longer like this," he said. "The American people may not stand for it
-- and they should not."
Asked who was to blame, this general pointed directly at Rumsfeld and Deputy Defense Secretary
Paul D. Wolfowitz. "I do not believe we had a clearly defined war strategy, end state and exit strategy
before we commenced our invasion," he said. "Had someone like Colin Powell been the chairman [of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff], he would not have agreed to send troops without a clear exit strategy. The
current OSD [Office of the Secretary of Defense] refused to listen or adhere to military advice."
Like several other officers interviewed for this report, this general spoke only on the condition that his
name not be used. One reason for this is that some of these officers deal frequently with the senior
Pentagon civilian officials they are criticizing, and some remain dependent on top officials to approve
their current efforts and future promotions. Also, some say they believe that Rumsfeld and other top
civilians punish public dissent. Senior officers frequently cite what they believe was the vindictive
treatment of then-Army Chief of Staff Gen. Eric K. Shinseki after he said early in 2003 that the
administration was underestimating the number of U.S. troops that would be required to occupy
postwar Iraq.
Wolfowitz, the Pentagon's No. 2 official, said that he does not think the United States is losing in
Iraq, and said no senior officer has expressed that thought to him, either. "I am sure that there are
some out there" who think that, he said in an interview yesterday afternoon.
"There's no question that we're facing some difficulties," Wolfowitz said. "I don't mean to sound
Pollyannaish -- we all know that we're facing a tough problem." But, he said, "I think the course we've
set is the right one, which is moving as rapidly as possible to Iraqi self-government and Iraqi
self-defense."
Wolfowitz, who is widely seen as the intellectual architect of the Bush administration's desire to
create a free and democratic Iraq that will begin the transformation of the politics of the Middle East,
also strongly rejected the idea of scaling back on that aim. "The goal has never been to win the
Olympic high jump in democracy," he said. Moving toward democratization in Iraq will take time, he
said. Yet, he continued, "I don't think the answer is to find some old Republican Guard generals and
have them impose yet another dictatorship in an Arab country."
The top U.S. commander in the war also said he strongly disagrees with the view that the United
States is heading toward defeat in Iraq. "We are not losing, militarily," Army Gen. John P. Abizaid said
in an interview Friday. He said that the U.S. military is winning tactically. But he stopped short of being
as positive about the overall trend. Rather, he said, "strategically, I think there are opportunities."
The prisoner abuse scandal and the continuing car bombings and U.S. casualties "create the image
of a military that's not being effective in the counterinsurgency," he said. But in reality, "the truth of the
matter is . . . there are some good signals out there."
Abizaid cited the resumption of economic reconstruction and the political progress made with Sunni
Muslims in resolving the standoff around Fallujah, and increasing cooperation from Shiite Muslims in
isolating radical Shiite cleric Moqtada Sadr. "I'm looking at the situation, and I told the secretary of
defense the other day, I feel pretty comfortable with where we are," he said.
Even so, he said, "There's liable to be a lot of fighting in May and June," as the June 30 date for
turning over sovereignty to an Iraqi government approaches.
Commanders on the ground in Iraq seconded that cautiously optimistic view.
"I am sure that the view from Washington is much worse than it appears on the ground here in
Baqubah," said Army Col. Dana J.H. Pittard, commander of a 1st Infantry Division brigade based in
that city about 40 miles north of Baghdad. "I do not think that we are losing, but we will lose if we are
not careful." He said he is especially worried about maintaining political and economic progress in the
provinces after the turnover of power.
Army Lt. Col. John Kem, a battalion commander in Baghdad, said that the events of the past two
months -- first the eruption of a Shiite insurgency, followed by the detainee abuse scandal -- "certainly
made things harder," but he said he doubted they would have much effect on the long-term future of
Iraq.
But some say that behind those official positions lies deep concern.
One Pentagon consultant said that officials with whom he works on Iraq policy continue to put on a
happy face publicly, but privately are grim about the situation in Baghdad. When it comes to
discussions of the administration's Iraq policy, he said, "It's 'Dead Man Walking.' "
The worried generals and colonels are simply beginning to say what experts outside the military have
been saying for weeks.
In mid-April, even before the prison detainee scandal, Peter Galbraith, a former U.S. ambassador to
Croatia, wrote in the New York Review of Books that, "patience with foreign occupation is running out,
and violent opposition is spreading. Civil war and the breakup of Iraq are more likely outcomes than a
successful transition to a pluralistic Western-style democracy." The New York Review of Books is not
widely read in the U.S. military, but the article, titled "How to Get Out of Iraq," was carried online and
began circulating among some military intellectuals.
Likewise, Rep. John P. Murtha (Pa.), a former Marine who is one of most hawkish Democrats in
Congress, last week said, "We cannot prevail in this war as it is going today," and said that the Bush
administration should either boost its troop numbers or withdraw.
Larry Diamond, who until recently was a senior political adviser of the U.S. occupation authority in
Iraq, argued that the United States is not losing the war but is in danger of doing so. "I think that we
have fallen into a period of real political difficulty where we are no longer clearly winning the peace, and
where the prospect of a successful transition to democracy is in doubt.
"Basically, it's up in the air now," Diamond continued. "That's what is at stake. . . . We can't keep
making tactical and strategic mistakes."
He and others are recommending a series of related revisions to the U.S. approach.
Like many in the Special Forces, defense consultant Michael Vickers advocates radically trimming
the U.S. presence in Iraq, making it much more like the one in Afghanistan, where there are 20,000
troops, and almost none in the capital, Kabul. The U.S. military has a small presence in the daily life of
Afghans. Basically, it ignores them and focuses its attention on fighting pockets of Taliban and al
Qaeda holdouts. Nor has it tried to disarm the militias that control much of the country.
In addition to trimming the U.S. troop presence, a young Army general said, the United States also
should curtail its ambitions in Iraq. "That strategic objective, of a free, democratic, de-Baathified Iraq, is
grandiose, and unattainable," he said. "It's just a matter of time before we revise downward . . . and
abandon these ridiculous objectives."
Instead, he predicted that if the Bush administration wins reelection, it simply will settle for a stable
Iraq, probably run by former Iraqi generals. This is more or less, he said, what the Marines Corps did in
Fallujah -- which he described as a glimpse of future U.S. policy.
Wolfowitz sharply rejected that conclusion about Fallujah. "Let's be clear, Fallujah has always been
an outlier since the liberation of Baghdad," he said in the interview. "It's where the trouble began. . . . It
really isn't a model for anything for the rest of the country."
But a senior military intelligence officer experienced in Middle Eastern affairs said he thinks the
administration needs to rethink its approach to Iraq and to the region. "The idea that Iraq can be
miraculously and quickly turned into a shining example of democracy that will 'transform' the Middle
East requires way too much fairy dust and cultural arrogance to believe," he said.
Finally, some are calling for the United States to stop fighting separatist trends among Iraq's three
major groups, the Shiites, the Sunnis and the Kurds, and instead embrace them. "The best hope for
holding Iraq together -- and thereby avoiding civil war -- is to let each of its major constituent
communities have, to the extent possible, the system each wants," Galbraith wrote last month.
Even if adjustments in troop presence and goals help the United States prevail, it will not happen
soon, several of those interviewed said. The United States is likely to be fighting in Iraq for "at least"
another five years, said an Army officer who served there. "We'll be taking casualties," he warned,
during that entire time.
A long-term problem for any administration is that it may be difficult for the American public to tell
whether the United States is winning or losing, and the prospect of continued casualties may prompt
some to ask of how long the public will tolerate the fighting.
"Iraq might have been worth doing at some price," Vickers said. "But it isn't worth doing at any price.
And the price has gone very high."
The other key factor in the war is Iraqi public opinion. A recent USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll found that
a majority of Iraqis want the United States to leave immediately. "In Iraq, we are rapidly losing the
support of the middle, which will enable the insurgency to persist practically indefinitely until our
national resolve is worn down," the senior U.S. military intelligence officer said.
Tolerance of the situation in Iraq also appears to be declining within the U.S. military. Especially
among career Army officers, an extraordinary anger is building at Rumsfeld and his top advisers.
"Like a lot of senior Army guys, I'm quite angry" with Rumsfeld and the rest of the Bush
administration, the young general said. He listed two reasons. "One is, I think they are going to break
the Army." But what really incites him, he said, is, "I don't think they care."
Jeff Smith, a former general counsel of the CIA who has close ties to many senior officers, said,
"Some of my friends in the military are exceedingly angry." In the Army, he said, "It's pretty bitter."
"The people in the military are mad as hell," said retired Army Col. Robert Killebrew, a frequent
Pentagon consultant. He said that the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Air Force Gen. Richard B.
Myers, should be fired. A spokesman for Myers declined to comment.
A Special Forces officer aimed higher, saying that, "Rumsfeld needs to go, as does Wolfowitz."
Asked about such antagonism, Wolfowitz said, "I wish they'd have the -- whatever it takes -- to come
tell me to my face."
He said that by contrast, he had been "struck at how many fairly senior officers have come to me" to
tell him that he and Rumsfeld have made the right decisions concerning the Army.
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