To: hueyone who wrote (179005 ) 8/11/2004 1:12:24 AM From: The Duke of URLĀ© Read Replies (1) | Respond to of 186894 Often, the shareholders are wrong. No one who is competent in financial transactions was mislead by the treatment of the stock options. They should be disclosed, as they were on the financial statements. The should be included in the compensation section of the quarterly and yearly reports, at least as to top officers. "Fraud" requires 'Justifiable Reliance". In other words, if you don't read a financial statement you should rely on someone who does. Justifiable reliance. So we have a plaintiff who didn't know the truth, and actual causation, i.e., the plainitff would not have done the deal had he known the true facts. There is yet a third requirement, that of justifiable reliance. Depending on the facts, the plainitiff's reliance on the representation may not be reasonable or justifiable under the circumstances. "Under the circumstances" means that this is almost always a question of fact for the jury to decide, based on the skill, knowledge, education and experience of the plaintiff. Gray v. Don Miller & Associates, Inc. (1984) 35 Cal.3d 498, 503, 198 Cal.Rptr. 55. However, there are a few cases where the courts have found that there could be no justifiable reliance. Typical among these are cases that involve lawyers. Hence, the courts have held that a lawyer could not rely on the statements of her riding instructor that a liability waiver was meaningless and unenforceable (Guido v. Koopman (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 837, 2 Cal.Rptr.2d 437). Or, in one of the more interesting cases, the court held that a plaintiff could not justifiably rely on representations by a lawyer representing an adversary in negotiations (Wilhelm v. Pray, Price, Williams & Russell (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d 1324, 231 Cal.Rptr. 355). hartley.com