Examining the "Liberal Media" Claim
Journalists' Views on Politics, Economic Policy and Media Coverage
David Croteau
Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Sociology and Anthropology
© June 1998
Executive Summary
The conservative critique of the news media rests on two general propositions: (1) journalists' views are to the left of the public, and (2) journalists frame news content in a way that accentuates these left perspectives. Previous research has revealed persuasive evidence against the latter claim, but the validity of the former claim has often been taken for granted. This research project examined the supposed left orientation of media personnel by surveying Washington-based journalists who cover national politics and/or economic policy at US outlets.
The findings include:
# On select issues from corporate power and trade to Social Security and Medicare to health care and taxes, journalists are actually more conservative than the general public.
# Journalists are mostly centrist in their political orientation.
# The minority of journalists who do not identify with the "center" are more likely to identify with the "right" when it comes to economic issues and to identify with the "left" when it comes to social issues.
# Journalists report that "business-oriented news outlets" and "major daily newspapers" provide the highest quality coverage of economic policy issues, while "broadcast network TV news" and "cable news services" provide the worst.
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
A.The Survey
B.The Target Population of Journalists
C.Media Organizations Represented
D. The Respondents
III. Results
A.Views on the Quantity and Quality of Media Coverage
B.Work Routines and Information Sources
C.Economic Policy Issues: Comparing Journalists' Views and the Public
1.Political Orientation
2. State of the Economy
3. Economic Priorities
4. Environmental Laws
5. Corporate Power
6. Taxes
7. NAFTA and "Fast-Track" Authority
8. Medical Care
IV. Conclusion: Beyond the "Liberal Media" Myth
V. Appendices
A. Media Organizations Where Journalists Received Surveys
B. Complete Survey Questions and Summary Results
C. Summary Comparisons of Journalists' Views and Public Opinion
I. INTRODUCTION
The idea that the mainstream media have a "liberal bias" has long been conventional wisdom. At various times, public figures from Richard Nixon to Newt Gingrich have all taken refuge in the claim that the "liberal" media were out to get them. A legion of conservative talk show hosts, pundits and media-watch groups pound away at the idea that the media exhibit an inherently "liberal" tilt. But the assertion is based on remarkably little evidence and is repeatedly made in the face of contradictory facts.
In particular, the conservative critique of the news media rests on two general propositions: (1) journalists' views are to the left of the public, and (2) journalists frame news content in a way that accentuates these left perspectives. Researchers and analysts have discovered persuasive evidence against the latter claim. Content analyses of the news media have, at a minimum, shown the absence of any such systematic liberal/left tilt; some studies have found a remarkably predictable press usually reflecting the narrow range of views of those in positions of power, as well as a spectrum of expert opinion that tilts toward the right.
But even some progressives have been willing to cede to conservatives the first point: that journalists' views are to the left of the public. Professionals in general, they observe, often have "liberal" leanings on social issues and there is no reason to expect journalists to be any different. However, they have also argued convincingly that the norms of "objective journalism" and the powerful corporate interests which own and sponsor the news media ensure that news content never strays too far, for too long, from protecting the status quo. You don't understand the corporate ideology of General Motors by studying the personal beliefs of the assembly-line workers, the argument goes. Ideological orientation is introduced and enforced by those high in the organizational hierarchy who have the power to hire and fire, to reward and punish. Working journalists, despite their sometimes high visibility, usually do not call the shots in the nation's media corporations. (The documentary "Fear and Favor in the Newsroom" provides vivid illustrations of this situation.) Consequently, the private views of individual journalists often matter little.
Such an analysis of organizational dynamics is fundamental to understanding the news process. It, indeed, is a crucial argument that kicks the legs out from the conservative critique and gets at the more fundamental structural elements that set the news agenda. Still, this approach begs the question: are journalists really to the left of the public? This element of the conservative critique has not been adequately addressed; it's one reason why the "liberal media" charge gets repeated without serious scrutiny.
The small amount of current data on this issue may be due, in part, to journalist's resistance to answering surveys lest results somehow compromise their professional stance of objective "neutral" observers. This presents a challenge for researchers. Still, despite the methodological hurdles, this question is an interesting one and this report describes the results of one effort to examine this essential underpinning of the "liberal media" claim.
II. METHODOLOGY
In consultation with the Survey and Evaluation Research Laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University, a 24-question self-administered survey was sent by mail to Washington-based journalists (n = 444) as specified below. The initial mailing was followed by a reminder postcard. A second copy of the questionnaire was later sent to non-respondents. Finally, reminder phone calls were placed to remaining non-respondents and replacement surveys were mailed as requested. Data was gathered from late February through April 1998.
A. The Survey
Journalists were asked a range of questions about how they did their work and about how they viewed the quality of media coverage in the broad area of politics and economic policy. They were asked for their opinions and views about a range of recent policy issues and debates. Finally, they were asked for demographic and identifying information, including their political orientation. (Complete survey questions and summary results can be found in Appendix B.)
B. The Target Population of Journalists
This survey was targeted at Washington bureau chiefs and Washington-based journalists who cover national politics and/or economic policy at US national and major metropolitan outlets. The intent was to represent the breadth of available media outlets, while realistically focusing on the largest and most influential of these national and major metropolitan outlets.
The journalists surveyed (who were not bureau chiefs) were chosen based on the following criteria:
1. They were listed in the Spring 1998 News Media Yellow Book.
2. They were listed in the "Assignment Index" portion of the Yellow Book under one or more of the following categories: "Congress," "federal government," "national affairs," "politics," "White House," "business," "consumer issues," "economics," or "labor."
3. They were based in the Washington, DC area as indicated in their Yellow Book listing by a telephone area code of either 202 (Washington), 703 (northern Virginia), or 301 (Maryland).
4. They worked for a national or major metropolitan US news organization that potentially reaches the general public.
The bureau chiefs surveyed in this project were chosen based on the following criteria
1. They were listed in the Spring 1998 News Media Yellow Book.
2. Their position was listed as "bureau chief" or its equivalent.
3. They were based in the Washington, DC area as indicated in the Yellow Book listing by a telephone area code of either 202 (Washington), 703 (northern Virginia), or 301 (Maryland).
4. They were at a US news organization that potentially reaches the general public and that has a listing in the Yellow Book with at least 10 staff people (including the bureau chief). These criteria yielded a targeted population total of 33 bureau chiefs and 411 other journalists (total n = 444). Questionnaires were mailed to the entire targeted population.
C. Media Organizations Represented
The targeted population represents a broad range of news outlets, while at the same time focusing on the largest and most influential of these outlets. The criteria used for targeting journalists meant that smaller and less influential news outlets were not over-represented, a problem found in earlier research on Washington-based journalists. The criteria outlined above were successful in both generating significant breadth (journalists at 78 different news organizations were surveyed) while keeping the emphasis on the largest and most influential media (half of the surveys were sent to journalists at 14 news organizations).
The 14 news organizations that received more than 10 surveys each were (in alphabetical order):
1. ABC News /ABC Radio
2. Associated Press /AP Broadcast News
3. Bloomberg News
4. CNN
5. Knight-Ridder Newspapers/Tribune Information Services
6. Los Angeles Times
7. NBC News
8. New York Times
9. Reuters America, Inc.
10. Time
11. USA Today/USA Weekend
12. Wall Street Journal
13. Washington Post
14. Washington Times
Appendix A contains a list of all media organizations to which surveys were mailed. For confidentiality reasons, exact numbers of surveys mailed are not indicated, but ranges are listed to give the reader a clear sense of the final distribution of surveys.
D. The Respondents
Of the 444 questionnaires mailed, 141 were returned for a response rate of 32%. In terms of type of position held by the journalist, type of media outlets, and general size of media outlet, there was no statistically significant difference between respondents and non-respondents.
As Table 1 shows, the percentage of bureau chiefs, editors/producers, and journalists among the respondents was similar to their percentage in the targeted population as a whole. Thus, each level of the organizational hierarchy was adequately represented among the respondents.
Table 1 Type of position Targeted Population % (n) Respondents % (n)
Washington bureau chiefs 7% (33) 6% (9)
Editors or producers 23% (100) 19% (27)
Reporters, correspondents and other 70% (311) 75% (105)
*Some individuals hold more than one title. They were classified in the response numbers based on their self-identification (see Question #18). They were classified in the sample numbers by the "higher" of the positions in their title. (For example, an "editor and chief correspondent" was classified as an editor.)
Similarly, as summarized in Table 2, there was no significant difference between the types of media outlets (the news organization at which the journalist worked) represented among the respondents compared to their percentage in the targeted population as a whole. Thus, each type of media outlet was adequately represented among the respondents.
Table 2 Type of media outlet Targeted Population % (n) Respondents % (n)
Wires/news services 19% (86) 14% (20)
TV 19% (84) 17% (24)
Radio 5% (20) 6% (8)
Newspaper 41% (180) 46% (65)
Magazines, periodicals and other 17% (74) 17% (24)
Finally, because of their larger staffs, larger news organizations had more journalists who received surveys than did smaller news organizations. The number of journalists receiving a survey at a particular news outlet serves as a rough indicator of the size of that news organization. Based on the rough breakdown used in Appendix A and summarized in Table 3, there was no significant difference between the respondents and the targeted population in terms of the size of their news organization.
Table 3 Journalists at News Organizations… Targeted Population % (n) Respondents % (n)
…receiving more than 10 surveys 50% (223) 50% (71)
…receiving 5-10 surveys 34% (152) 36% (51)
…receiving 3-4 surveys 5% (23) 6% (9)
…receiving 1-2 surveys 10% (46) 7% (10)
These results indicate that, on the dimensions examined here, there is no statistically significant difference between respondents and non-respondents. Thus, the respondents are a good representation of the targeted population as a whole.
Other demographic characteristics of the respondents include:
# Male journalists (66%) outnumbered female journalists (34%) by about two-to-one.
# 89% of respondents were White, 5% Black, 3% Hispanic, 2% Asian, and 2% chose the category "other" when describing their race.
# Only 5% of the respondents were not college graduates. 50% had bachelor's degrees, 14% had some post-graduate training, and a full 31% had post-graduate degrees.
# Only 5% of respondents reported annual household incomes under $50,000. 43% had household incomes between $50,000 and $99,999; 21% were between $100,000 and $149,999; 17% were between $150,000 and $199,999; and 14% had household incomes of $200,000 or more.
III. RESULTS
This section reviews select results of the survey, including some comparisons with previous surveys of the general public. A full summary of results may be found in Appendix B. For a summary of results comparing journalists' responses to the public's response on similar policy questions, see Appendix C.
A. Views on the Quantity and Quality of Media Coverage
Journalists responding to the survey report high levels of satisfaction with the amount and quality of economic policy coverage provided by their own news organization. A full 76% of the journalists thought that their news organization provided "excellent" or "good" quality coverage in terms of giving the public information they need to make informed political decisions (Q#3a). Another 14% thought it was "fair" and 9% said it was "poor." A similar majority—75%—thought their own organization provided "about the right amount of coverage" of economic policy issues and debates, while 23% thought there was "too little coverage" and only 1% thought there was "too much" (Q#1).
Their assessment of other news media, though, was more varied (Q#3b). "Business oriented news outlets" received the highest grade for the quality of the information they give to the public; 80% thought it was "excellent" or "good." "Major daily newspapers," too, received a positive assessment, with 65% saying their coverage was "excellent" or "good." However, for every other type of media less than half of the respondents rated its coverage as "excellent" or "good."
A full 92% of responding journalists said the quality of economic policy coverage on broadcast TV networks was only "fair" or "poor," with just 6% saying it was "good" and not a single respondent saying it was "excellent." (Even of those journalists working in television, a full 83% rated broadcast TV networks as "fair" or "poor.") Cable news services were judged by 63% of journalists to provide only "fair" or "poor" coverage of economic policy issues. (As a whole, journalists were still uncertain about internet sources with over half of them saying they didn't know or were not sure about the quality of their coverage.)
Q#3b. In terms of giving the public information they need to make informed political decisions, how would you rate the quality of economic policy coverage provided by each of the following sources? "excellent" or "good" "fair" or "poor"
Business-oriented news outlets 80% 11%
Major daily newspapers 65% 35%
Public broadcasting 45% 46%
Weekly newsmagazines 40% 53%
Cable news service 32% 61%
Internet Web sites 15% 34%
Broadcast network TV news 6% 92%
Choosing from a list of possibilities, journalists thought that business misconduct (58%) was the topic to which the media overall paid "too little" attention (Q#2). This was followed closely by international trade agreements (53%) and labor misconduct (50%). The stock market (22%) was the item that journalists most often cited as being covered "too much."
B. Work Routines and Information Sources
Technology changes have clearly had an impact on the work routines and information sources of journalists. With contemporary technology, the news cycle is quite short for a large number of journalists. More than a quarter of them (26%) reported having a deadline more than once a day (Q#4). Another 55% usually had daily deadlines.
Electronic data services have become a staple source of information for journalists. 72% reported that they consulted Internet or other on-line services during a typical work day (Q#5). This was surpassed only by wire services (94%) and cable TV news (79%).
Q# 5: In a typical work day, which of the following resources do you consult, if any?
% "yes"
Wire services 94%
Cable TV news (CNN, MSNBC, etc.) 79%
Internet or other on-line services 72%
C-SPAN 59%
Fax services 48%
Cable business networks (CNBC, Bloomberg, etc.) 36%
News/talk radio 26%
Responding journalists rely most often on government officials and business representatives as sources for their stories on economic policy issues (Q#6). Labor representatives are consulted far less frequently than business representatives and consumer advocates are even less likely to be consulted.
Q#6. How often do you talk to the following sources in your work on economic policy issues?
% saying "nearly always" % saying "often"
Government officials 51% 34%
Business representatives 31% 35%
Think-tank analysts 17% 47%
University-based academics 10% 38%
Wall Street analysts 9% 22%
Labor representatives 5% 30%
Consumer advocates 5% 20%
Most journalists (70%) said they had never been cut off from communication by a source upset because of something they or their news organization had reported about economic policy issues (Q#7a). Within the minority who had been cut off, it was government officials (76%), followed by business representatives (55%), and then labor representatives (32%) who were most likely to have given them the silent treatment (Q#7b).
C. Economic Policy Issues: Comparing Journalists' Views and the Public
Journalists were asked a series of questions regarding recent policy debates. Most questions were taken from, or very closely modeled after, questions that had been asked in national random surveys of the general public. That way, rough comparisons could be made between how journalists and the general public saw these issues.
1. Political Orientation
One of the basic findings of this survey is that most journalists identify themselves as being centrists on both social and economic issues. Perhaps this is why an earlier survey found that they tended to vote for Bill Clinton in large numbers. Clinton's centrist "new Democrat" orientation combines moderately liberal social policies (which brings criticism from conservative anti-gay, "pro-life" and other activists) with moderately conservative economic policies (which brings criticism from labor unions, welfare rights advocates and others). This orientation fits well with the views expressed by journalists.
Q#22. On social issues, how would you characterize your political orientation? Q#23. On economic issues, how would you characterize your political orientation?
Left 30% Left 11%
Center 57% Center 64%
Right 9% Right 19%
Other 5% Other 5%
When asked to characterize their political orientation on social and economic issues, most journalists self-identify as centrists (Q#22 and Q#23). Of the minority who do not identify with the center, most have left leanings concerning social issues and right leanings concerning economic ones. This is consistent with a long history of research on profit-sector professionals in general. High levels of education tend to be associated with liberal views on social issues such as racial equality, gay rights, gun control and abortion rights. High levels of income tend to be associated with conservative views on economic issues such as tax policy and federal spending. Most journalists, therefore, would certainly not recognize themselves in the "liberal media" picture painted by conservative critics.
2. State of the Economy
The Washington press corps has often been accused of being an "elite" that is out of touch with mainstream Americans. As reported in the methodology section, journalists responding to this survey certainly did have very high household incomes, with over half living in households with $100,000 or more in income, and one-third in households with $150,000 or more income. Perhaps it should come as no surprise, then, that journalists have a much more positive assessment of the state of the economy than the general public (Q#9). Choosing from a list of options, 34% of journalists said they thought economic conditions were "excellent" and another 58% said "good." Only 4% saw it as fair, and 1% rated it "poor."
When pollsters ask the same question of the general public—where the benefits of economic growth have fallen unevenly—far different views are found. A March 1998 Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll discovered that only 20% of the general public see economic conditions as "excellent," while 46% say "good." A full 27% describe it as "only fair" and 7% believe it is "poor."
3. Economic Priorities
When asked about a series of possible economic priorities for the federal government, 56% of journalists saw the need to "reform entitlement programs by slowing the rate of increase in spending for programs like Medicare and Social Security" as "one of the top few" priorities (19% said it should be the single highest priority) (Q#10b). Only 35% of the public felt similarly when polled by Greenberg Research Inc. in November 1996 (just 10% of the public saw this as the single highest priority.).
Instead, 59% of the general public identified the need to "protect Medicare and Social Security against major cuts" as "one of the top few priorities" (a full 24% of the public saw this as the single highest priority). Only 39% of journalists felt the same (with 13% identifying it as the single highest priority) (Q#10a). While 12% of the public put reforming and slowing Social Security and Medicare "toward the bottom of the list," only 4% of journalists did (Q#10b). Journalists' emphasis on slowing entitlements contrasts sharply with the general public's emphasis on protecting entitlements.
When it came to health insurance, 32% of journalists felt that requiring employers provide health insurance to their employees should be "one of the top few priorities," while a larger 47% of the public did (Q#10d).
By far the biggest gap between the public and journalists, though, came with the issue of NAFTA expansion (Q#10c). Of journalists, 24% thought it was among the "top few" priorities to "expand the NAFTA trade agreement to include other countries in Latin America." Only 7% of the general public agreed. Indeed, a whopping 44% of the general public—compared to just 8% of journalists—put NAFTA expansion "toward the bottom of the list" of priorities.
In these issue areas, the claimed economic centrism of journalists is belied by a series of economic priorities that are actually to the right of the public, and which would bring opposition from groups on the left: labor unions, health care advocates, senior citizen advocates.
4. Environmental Laws
The one area in the survey where journalists could be considered slightly to the left of the general public was regarding environmental regulation (Q#11). When asked to choose between whether stricter environmental laws and regulations "cost too many jobs and hurt the economy" or "are worth the cost," 79% of journalists said such laws were worth the cost, while 21% disagreed. However, in an October 1996 poll by the Pew Research Center, only 63% of the public said such laws were worth the cost, while 30% disagreed. This result may not be very surprising since the economic cost of environmental regulation is often perceived to be carried by workers in the form of lost jobs—a problem which may not be of immediate salience for professional journalists.
5. Corporate Power
The general public is more critical of the concentration of corporate power in the United States than are journalists. When asked whether they felt "too much power is concentrated in the hands of a few large companies," 57% of the journalists agreed, while 43% felt they did not have too much power (Q#12). The numbers were quite different, though, when the Times Mirror Center asked the same question of the general public in October 1995. A full 77% of the public felt that corporations had too much power, with only 18% feeling that they did not.
6. Taxes
The centrist orientation of journalists comes through clearly when assessing Clinton's 1993 economic plan which modestly raised tax rates on the wealthy, countering the trend of reduced tax rates that they had enjoyed in previous years (Q#13). Nearly half (49%) of journalists thought this policy was about right, while 14% thought it went too far, and 18% thought it didn't go far enough. In stark contrast, when the public was asked a similar question in an ABC News/Washington Post poll in April 1993, 15% of the general public felt Clinton's policy went too far and a huge 72% felt it didn't go far enough. (10% volunteered that they thought it was about right.) Here again, the relative economic privilege of the Washington press corps may partly explain this contrast with the public.
7. NAFTA and "Fast Track" Authority
Compared to the general public, journalists have a distinctly more positive assessment of NAFTA's impact and are more likely to support granting the President "fast-track" authority to negotiate new trade agreements. 65% of journalists feel that NAFTA has had more of a positive impact on the United States, while only 8% feel it has had more of a negative impact (Q#14). But in a Hart-Teeter/NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll in July 1997, only 32% of the public thought NAFTA's impact was more positive, while 42% felt NAFTA's impact on the country has been more negative.
Perhaps as a result of these differing assessments of NAFTA's impact, journalists are more likely to favor granting "fast track" authority to the President to negotiate new trade agreements—authority opposed most forcefully by unions (Q#15). A full 71% of journalists favor such a policy, while only 10% oppose it. According to an October 1997 Hart-Teeter/NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll, the rate of opposition to "fast-track" amongst the general public is over five times that of the rate amongst journalists. Only 35% of the public says it favors "fast-track." A full 56% oppose it. In the debate over trade, most journalists tend to agree with the corporate position on the issue, while most members of the public side with the critical views of labor and many consumer and environmental groups.
8. Medical Care
As indicated above under "Economic Priorities," journalists are less interested than the general public in requiring that employers provide health insurance to their employees. Journalists are also less likely than the public to believe that the federal government should guarantee medical care for those who don't have health insurance (Q#16). While 43% of journalists felt that the government should guarantee medical care, a similar 35% felt that this was not the responsibility of the government. In contrast, a February 1996 New York Times/CBS News poll found that the general public supports government guaranteed medical care by more than a two-to-one margin (64% to 29%).
Policy Scorecard
On these issues journalists appear to be… …to the left of the public …to the right of the public
Protecting Medicare and Social Security XX
The expansion of NAFTA X
Requiring employers to provide health insurance to their employees X
Stricter environmental laws X
Concern over concentrated corporate power X
Taxing the wealthy X
Impact of NAFTA X
"Fast track" trade authority X
Government guaranteed medical care X
IV. CONCLUSION: BEYOND THE "LIBERAL MEDIA" MYTH
This survey shows that it is a mistake to accept the conservative claim that journalists are to the left of the public. There appear to be very few national journalists with left views on economic questions like corporate power and trade—issues that may well matter more to media owners and advertisers than social issues like gay rights and affirmative action.
The larger "liberal media" myth has been maintained, in part, by the well-funded flow of conservative rhetoric that selectively highlights journalists' personal views while downplaying news content. It also has been maintained by diverting the spotlight away from economic issues and placing it instead on social issues. In reality, though, most members of the powerful Washington press corps identify themselves as centrist in both of these areas. It is true, as conservative critics have publicized, that the minority of journalists not in the "center" are more likely to identify as having a "left" orientation when it comes to social issues. However, it is also true that the minority of journalists not in the "center" are more likely to identify as having a "right" orientation when it comes to economic issues. Indeed, these economic policy views are often to the right of public opinion. When our attention is drawn to this fact, one of the central elements of the conservative critique of the media is exposed to be merely sleight of hand.
This illusion has not been exposed here merely to replace it with an equally false mirror image of the conservative critique. Painting journalists as the core of the "conservative media" does not do justice to the complexity of the situation. Like many profit-sector professionals journalists tend to hold "liberal" social views and "conservative" economic views. Most of all, though, they can be broadly described as centrists. This adherence to the middle is consistent with news outlets that tend to repeat conventional wisdom and ignore serious alternative analyses. This too often leaves citizens with policy "debates" grounded in the shared assumptions of those in positions of power.
Which brings us back to the conservative critique. It is based on the propositions that: (1) journalists' views are to the left of the general public, and (2) that these views influence the news content that they produce. Having now exposed the first point for the myth that it is, we are left with the issue of personal views influencing news content.
There are two important responses to this claim. First, it is sources, not journalists, who are allowed to express their views in the conventional model of "objective" journalism. Therefore, we learn much more about the political orientation of news content by looking at sourcing patterns rather than journalists' personal views. As this survey shows, it is government officials and business representatives to whom journalists "nearly always" turn when covering economic policy. Labor representatives and consumer advocates were at the bottom of the list. This is consistent with earlier research on sources. For example, analysts from the centrist Brookings Institution and right-wing think thanks such as the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute are those most quoted in mainstream news accounts; left-wing think tanks are often invisible. When it comes to sources, "liberal bias" is nowhere to be found.
Second, we must not forget that journalists do not work in a vacuum. It is crucial to remember the important role of institutional context in setting the broad parameters for the news process. Businesses are not in the habit of producing products that contradict their fundamental economic interests. The large corporations that are the major commercial media in this country—not surprisingly—tend to favor style and substance which is consonant with their corporate interests; as do their corporate advertisers.
It is here, at the structural level, that the fundamental ground rules of news production are set. Of course, working journalists sometimes succeed in temporarily challenging some of those rules and boundaries. But ultimately, if they are to succeed and advance in the profession for any length of time, they must adapt to the ground rules set by others—regardless of their own personal views.
Appendix A:
Media Organizations Where Journalists Received Surveys
News organizations with more than 10 journalists receiving questionnaires (n= 223; 50% of total)
ABC News /ABC Radio
Associated Press /AP Broadcast News
Bloomberg News
CNN
Knight-Ridder Newspapers/Tribune Information Services
Los Angeles Times
NBC News
New York Times
Reuters America, Inc.
Time
USA Today/USA Weekend
Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Washington Times
News organizations with 5 to 10 journalists receiving questionnaires (n= 152; 34% of total)
Baltimore Sun
Boston Globe
Bridge News (formerly Knight-Ridder Financial News Service)
Business Week
CBS News/ CBS Radio
Chicago Tribune
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report/ CQ Monitor
Copley News Service
Cox Newspapers/Cox Broadcasting
Dallas Morning News
Dow Jones News Service
FOX News Channel/ FOX News Sunday
Gannett News Service
Hearst News Service
Investor's Business Daily
National Journal /Congressional Daily/Government Executive
National Public Radio
NET-Political NewsTalk Network
Newsday
Newsweek
PBS
United Press International /UPI Radio
U.S. News & World Report
News organizations with 3 or 4 journalists receiving questionnaires (n= 23; 5% of total)
Christian Science Monitor
C-SPAN /C-SPAN 2
Newhouse News Service
Scripps Howard News Service
UNIVISION Television Network
Washingtonian
Westwood One
News organizations with 1 or 2 journalists receiving questionnaires (n= 46; 10% of total)
American Publishing Corp.
American Spectator
American Urban Radio Networks
Black Entertainment Television, Inc.
Capitol News Service
Chicago Sun-Times
Columbus Dispatch
Congressional Digest
Conus Washington/Communications
Cook Political Report
Daily News (New York)
Detroit Free Press
Evening News Broadcasting Company/Willis News Service
Fairchild News Service
Fort Worth Star-Telegram
The Hill
Houston Chronicle
Human Events/Eagle Publishing
Inside the New Congress
Jack Anderson Confidential/Muckracker's Inc.
Marketplace/USC Radio
McClatchy Newspapers
McClendon News Service
The Nation
Public Interest/National Affairs, Inc.
Roll Call Inc.
Rolling Stone
St. Petersburg Times
Southern Political Report
SRN News
Star Tribune (Minneapolis)
U.S. Chamber of Commerce/Biz Net
Village Voice
WTOP-AM/Evergreen Media
Appendix B:
Complete Survey Questions and Summary Results
A Survey of Journalists
on Media Coverage of Politics and Economic Policy
Questions About News Coverage of Economic Policy Issues
1. When it comes to economic policy issues and debates, do you think your news organization provides too much coverage, too little coverage, or about the right amount of coverage?
1% Too much coverage
23% Too little coverage
75% About the right amount of coverage
1% Don't know/not sure
2. Do you think the news media overall pay too much attention, too little attention, or about the right amount of attention to each of the following?
Too much Too little About right Don't Know/
Not sure
a. Federal budget process 5% 49% 45% 1%
b. The stock market 22% 10% 66% 1%
c. International trade agreements 4% 53% 39% 4%
d. "Downsizing" 14% 25% 58% 2%
e. Government misconduct 16% 25% 58% 1%
f. Business misconduct 1% 58% 38% 4%
g. Labor misconduct 3% 50% 42% 5%
3. In terms of giving the public information they need to make informed political decisions, how would you rate...
a. ...the quality of your news organization's coverage of economic policy issues and debates?
29% Excellent
47% Good
14% Fair
9% Poor
0% Don't know/not sure
b. ...the quality of economic policy coverage provided by each of the following sources?
Excellent Good Fair Poor Don't Know/
Not Sure
Major daily newspapers 12% 53% 31% 4% 1%
Weekly newsmagazines 3% 37% 40% 13% 7%
Business-oriented news outlets 38% 42% 10% 1% 8%
Broadcast network TV news 0% 6% 42% 50% 3%
Cable news services 4% 28% 44% 17% 7%
Public broadcasting 3% 42% 32% 14% 9%
Internet Web sites 1% 14% 15% 19% 50%
Questions About How Journalists Do Their Work
4. Usually, about how often do you have deadlines?
26% More than once a day
55% Daily
11% Weekly
2% Monthly
6% Other
5. In a typical work day, which of the following resources do you consult, if any?
[percentage who said "yes" to each]
94% Wire services
79% Cable TV news (CNN, MSNBC, etc.)
36% Cable business networks (CNBC, Bloomberg, etc.)
59% C-SPAN
26% News/talk radio
72% Internet or other on-line services
48% Fax services
6. How often do you talk to the following sources in your work on economic policy issues?
Nearly
Always Often Occasionally Rarely/Never Don't Know/
Not Sure
a. Government officials
51%
34%
9%
5%
1%
b. Business representatives
31%
35%
26%
8%
1%
c. Labor representatives
5%
30%
46%
18%
1%
d. Wall Street analysts
9%
22%
32%
36%
1%
e. Consumer advocates
5%
20%
54%
20%
1%
f. Think-tank analysts
17%
47%
27%
8%
1%
g. University-based academics
10%
38%
33%
17%
1%
h. Other
2%
1%
1%
1%
0%
7.a. Have you ever been cut off from communication––even temporarily––by a source upset because of something you or your news organization reported about economic policy issues or debates?
27% Yes
70% No
3% Don't know/not sure
b. If "yes," which of the following sources cut off communication?
76% Government officials
55% Business representatives
32% Labor representatives
3% Wall Street analysts
0% Consumer advocates
0% Think-tank analysts
5% University-based academics
5% Other
8. In covering economic policy issues, how often is your news organization's reporting, story assignment, or story selection influenced by coverage in a national "paper of record" such as The New York Times or Washington Post?
43% Often
42% Occasionally
12% Rarely or never
3% Don't know/not sure
Questions About Journalists' Assessment of Economic Policy Issues
9. First, how would you rate economic conditions in this country today?
34% Excellent
58% Good
4% Fair
1% Poor
2% Don't know/not sure
10. Here are a few issues facing the country. How high a priority do you think each one should receive from Congress and the President? Use the following scale in responding:
1 = Single Highest Priority
2 = One of Top Few Priorities
3 = Near the Top of List
4 = In the Middle of List
5 = Toward Bottom of List
8 = Don't Know/ Not Sure
1 2 3 4 5 8
a. Protect Medicare and Social Security against major cuts
13%
26%
16%
13%
15%
16%
b. Reform entitlement programs by slowing the rate of increase in spending for programs like Medicare and Social Security
19%
37%
15%
8%
4%
17%
c. Expand the NAFTA trade agreement to include other countries in Latin America
4%
20%
24%
29%
8%
16%
d. Require that employers provide health insurance to their employees
15%
17%
19%
16%
16%
17%
11.a. Which of the following statements comes closer to your own views?
21% Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
b. Do you agree strongly or not with the statement you chose above?
8% Agree strongly
13% Agree, but not strongly
0% Not sure/don't know
79% Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
b. Do you agree strongly or not with the statement you chose above?
32% Agree strongly
43% Agree, but not strongly
4% Not sure/don't know
12. a. Which of the following statements comes closer to your own views?
57% Too much power is concentrated in the hands of a few large companies
b. Do you agree strongly or not with the statement you chose above?
24% Agree strongly
32% Agree, but not strongly
1% Not sure/don't know
43% The largest companies do NOT have too much power
b. Do you agree strongly or not with the statement you chose above?
12% Agree strongly
30% Agree, but not strongly
1% Not sure/don't know
13. Do you think President Clinton's 1993 economic plan went too far or not far enough in raising taxes on the wealthy?
14% Went too far
18% Didn't go far enough
49% Was about right
18% Don't know/not sure
14. So far, would you say that NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement passed in 1993) has had more of a positive impact on the United States or more of a negative impact on the United States?
65% More of a positive impact
8% More of a negative impact
27% Don't know/not sure
15. President Clinton sought "fast-track" authority on trade agreements, allowing Congress to vote only up-or-down on agreements. Do you favor or oppose Congress granting the President "fast-track" authority to negotiate new free trade agreements?
35% Strongly favor
36% Somewhat favor
7% Somewhat oppose
3% Strongly oppose
18% Don't know/not sure
16. Do you think the federal government should guarantee medical care for all people who don't have health insurance, or is that not the responsibility of the federal government?
43% Yes, the government should guarantee medical care
35% No, that is not the responsibility of the government
22% Don't know/not sure
Demographic Questions
17. Which of the following best describes your current news organization?
26% Large newspaper (circulation over 350,000)
12% Medium-sized newspaper (circulation from 100,000 to 350,000)
1% Small newspaper (circulation under 100,000)
7% Newspaper chain
14% Wire service
11% National news magazine
1% Other national periodical
10% National broadcast television network
7% Cable television channel
6% Radio network or news service
5% Other
18. Which of the following comes closest to describing your job title?
6% Bureau Chief
13% Editor
73% Reporter/Correspondent
6% TV/Radio Producer
0% Columnist
1% Other
19. What is your gender?
34% Female
66% Male
20. Which of the following best describes you?
89% Caucasian/White (not Hispanic)
5% African American/Black (not Hispanic)
3% Hispanic
2% Asian
2% Other
21. What is the highest level of schooling you achieved?
0% High school
5% Some college
50% College graduate
14% Some post-graduate
31% Post-graduate degree
22. On economic issues, how would you characterize your political orientation?
11% Left
64% Center
19% Right
5% Other
23. On social issues, how would you characterize your political orientation?
30% Left
57% Center
9% Right
5% Other
24. For classification purposes, into which of the following ranges does your annual household income fall?
5% under $50,000
27% $50,000 - $74,999
16% $75,000 - $99,999
21% $100,000 - $149,999
17% $150,000 - $199,999
14% $200,000 or more
Appendix C:
Summary Comparisons of Journalists' Views and Public Opinion
All of the policy questions in the survey were closely modeled after questions asked of the general public in telephone polls by reputable polling firms. Exact comparisons cannot be made between polls using different methodologies, or between polls taken at different times. However, it is still possible to get a general sense of the similarities and differences between the views of journalists who responded to this survey and the general public surveyed in these various polls.
For each of the questions below, the specific wording from our survey along with journalists' responses is paired with specific wording from other polls along with the public's responses.
ISSUE: The State of the Economy
Journalists
Q#9: First, how would you rate economic conditions in this country today? The Public
How would you rate economic conditions in this country today—excellent, good, only fair, or poor? (Gallup/CNN/USA Today poll, March, 1998)
Excellent 34% 20% Excellent
Good 58% 46% Good
Fair 4% 27% Only fair
Poor 1% 7% Poor
Don't know/ not sure 2% 0% No opinion
ISSUE: Economic Priorities
The Public: Now I am going to mention a few issues facing the country, and I'd like to find out how high a priority you think each one should receive from the new Congress and the President. For each issue I mention, tell me if you think it should be the SINGLE highest priority, one of the TOP FEW priorities, but not the highest, NEAR THE TOP of the list, in the MIDDLE OF THE LIST, or TOWARD THE BOTTOM of the list of priorities for the new Congress and the President.
(Greenberg Research Inc., "The Popular Mandate of 1996," November 1996.
Note: This question included policy proposals not used in the survey of journalists.)
Journalists (Q#10): Here are a few issues facing the country. How high a priority do you think each one should receive from Congress and the President? Use the following scale in responding:
1 = Single Highest Priority
2 = One of Top Few Priorities
3 = Near the Top of List
4 = In the Middle of List
5 = Toward Bottom of List
8 = Don't Know/ Not Sure
NOTE: Journalists' responses are listed on the first line in bold, the public's response is on the second line.
1 2 3 4 5 8
a. Protect Medicare and Social Security against major cuts
13%
26% 16% 13% 15% 16%
24% 35% 24% 12% 5% 1%
b. Reform entitlement programs by slowing the rate of increase in spending for programs like Medicare and Social Security 19% 37% 15% 8% 4% 7%
10% 25% 20% 26% 12% 6%
c. Expand the NAFTA trade agreement to include other countries in Latin America 4% 20% 24% 29% 8% 16%
2% 5% 7% 33% 44% 9%
d. Require that employers provide health insurance to their employees
15%
17% 19% 16% 16% 17%
16%
31% 18% 20% 13% 2%
Journalists
Q# 11 and Q#12: Which of the following statements comes closer to your own views? The Public
I'm going to read you some pairs of statements. As I read each pair, tell me whether the FIRST statement or the SECOND statement comes closer to your own views—even if neither is exactly right.
(Pew Research Center/ Times Mirror Center)
ISSUE: Environmental Laws
(Pew Research Center, October 1996)
Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
21%
Agree strongly 8%
Agree, but not strongly 13%
Not sure/don't know 0% Stricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economy
30%
22% Agree strongly
8% Agree, but not strongly
Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
79%
Agree strongly 32%
Agree, but not strongly 43%
Not sure/don't know 4% Stricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the cost
63%
51% Agree strongly
12% Agree, but not strongly
7% Neither/don't know
ISSUE: Corporate Power
(Times Mirror Center, October 1995)
Too much power is concentrated in the hands of a few large companies
57%
Agree strongly 24%
Agree, but not strongly 32%
Not sure/don't know 1% Too much power is concentrated in the hands of a few large companies
77%
62% Agree strongly
15% Agree, but not strongly
The largest companies do NOT have too much power
43%
Agree strongly 12%
Agree, but not strongly 30%
Not sure/don't know 1% The largest companies do NOT have too much power
18%
9% Agree strongly
9% Agree, but not strongly
5% Neither/don't know
ISSUE: Taxes
Journalists
Q#13: Do you think President Clinton's 1993 economic plan went too far or not far enough in raising taxes on the wealthy? The Public
Do you think that Clinton's plans for the economy go too far or not far enough to raise taxes on the wealthy?
(ABC/Washington Post, April 1993)
Went too far 14% 15% Went too far
Didn't go far enough 18% 72% Didn't go far enough
Was about right 49% 10% Was about right (volunteered)
Don't know/ not sure 18% 4% No opinion
ISSUE: NAFTA Impact
Journalists
Q#14: So far, would you say that NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement passed in 1993) has had more of a positive impact on the United States or more of a negative impact on the United States? The Public
As you may know, about four years ago Congress passed NAFTA, the free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada. So far would you say that NAFTA has made more of a positive impact on the United States or more of a negative impact on the United States?
(Hart-Teeter /NBC News/Wall Street Journal, July 1997)
More of a positive impact 65% 32% More of a positive impact
More of a negative impact 8% 42% More of a negative impact
7% No impact either way (volunteered)
Don't know/ not sure 27% 19% Not sure
ISSUE: "Fast Track" Authority
Journalists
Q#15: President Clinton sought "fast-track" authority on trade agreements, allowing Congress to vote only up-or-down on agreements. Do you favor or oppose Congress granting the President "fast-track" authority to negotiate new free trade agreements? The Public
As you may know, President Clinton has asked Congress to give him "fast-track" authority to negotiate more free trade agreements. The "fast-track" authority would mean that once the negotiations are completed, Congress would take an up or down vote on an agreement as a whole, but could not vote to make any amendments or changes in an agreement. Do you strongly favor, somewhat favor, somewhat oppose or strongly oppose having Congress grant the President "fast-track" authority to negotiate new free trade agreements?
(Hart-Teeter/NBC News/Wall Street Journal, October 1997)
Strongly favor 35% 12% Strongly favor
Somewhat favor 36% 23% Somewhat favor
Somewhat oppose 7% 25% Somewhat oppose
Strongly oppose 3% 31% Strongly oppose
Don't know/not sure 18% 9% Not sure
ISSUE: Medical Care
Journalists
Q#16: Do you think the federal government should guarantee medical care for all people who don't have health insurance, or is that not the responsibility of the federal government? The Public
Do you think the government in Washington should guarantee medical care for all people who don't have health insurance, or isn't that the responsibility of the government in Washington? (New York Times/CBS, February 1996)
Yes, the government should guarantee medical care
43% 64% Should
No, that is not the responsibility of the government
35% 29% Not responsibility
Don't know/not sure 22% 7% Don't know/no answer
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See also buzzflash.com and mediaed.org |
