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To: Lane3 who wrote (98051)	2/1/2005 12:47:54 PM
From: Lane3	Respond to of 794484

Cognitive distortion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Cognitive therapy and its variants traditionally identify ten cognitive distortions that maintain negative thinking and help to maintain negative emotions. Eliminating these distortions and negative thought is said to improve mood and discourage maladies such as depression and chronic anxiety. The process of learning to refute these distortions is called "cognitive restructuring". [edit] List Related links are suggested in parentheses. 1. All-or-nothing thinking - thinking of things in absolute terms, like "always", "every" or "never". Few aspects of human behavior are so absolute. (See false dilemma). 2. Overgeneralization - taking isolated cases and using them to make wide, usually self-deprecating generalizations. (See hasty generalization). 3. Mental filter - Focusing exclusively on certain, usually negative or upsetting, aspects of something while ignoring the rest, like a tiny imperfection in a piece of clothing. (See misleading vividness). 4. Disqualifying the positive - continually "shooting down" positive experiences for arbitrary, ad hoc reasons. (See special pleading). 5. Jumping to conclusions - assuming something negative where there is actually no evidence to support it. Two specific subtypes are also identified: * Mind reading - assuming the intentions of others * Fortune telling - guessing that things will turn out badly. (See slippery slope). 6. Magnification and Minimization - exaggerating negatives and understating positives. Often the positive characteristics of other people are exaggerated and negatives understated. There is one subtype of magnification: * Catastrophizing - thinking that a situation is unbearable or impossible when it is really just uncomfortable. 7. Emotional reasoning - making decisions and arguments based on how you feel rather than objective reality. (See appeal to consequences). 8. Making should statements - concentrating on what you think "should" or ought to be rather than the actual situation you are faced with. (See wishful thinking). 9. Labelling - related to overgeneralization, explaining by naming. Rather than describing the specific behavior, you assign a label to someone or yourself that puts them in absolute and unalterable terms. 10. Personalization (or attribution) - Assuming you or others directly caused things when that may not have been the case. (See illusion of control). ====================== List of cognitive biases From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Cognitive bias is distortion in the way we perceive reality (see also cognitive distortion). Some of these have been verified empirically in the field of psychology, others are considered general categories of bias. * anchoring * anthropic bias * attribution, attributional bias * Barnum effect * base rate neglect * behavioral confirmation * belief perseverance * bias blind spot * clustering illusion * confirmation bias * conjunction fallacy * contrast effect * cultural bias * dilution effect * disconfirmation bias * egocentric bias * endowment effect * expectancy effect * false consensus effect * framing effect * fundamental attribution error * gambler's fallacy * group-serving bias * group attribution error * halo effect * hindsight bias * hostile media effect * hyperbolic discounting * illusion of control * illusion of validity * illusory correlation * impact bias * infrastructure bias * ingroup bias * just-world phenomenon * Kuleshov effect * Lake Wobegon effect * logical fallacy * loss aversion * media bias * memory bias * mere exposure effect * misinformation effect * negativity effect * negative perception of the color black * notational bias * outgroup homogeneity bias * overconfidence effect * pathetic fallacy * peak-end rule * physical attractiveness stereotype * planning fallacy * picture superiority effect * positivity effect * primacy effect * priming * projection bias * pseudocertainty effect * pseudo-opinion * publication bias * recency effect * regression fallacy * reporting bias * risk-aversion * rosy retrospection * sample bias * selection bias * selective perception * self-deception * self-serving bias * spacing effect * statistical bias * status quo bias * sunk cost effects * tunnel vision * trait ascription bias * valence effect * Von Restorff effect * wishful thinking * worse-than-average effect * Zeigarnik effect en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org