To: Taro who wrote (222209 ) 3/5/2005 6:18:53 PM From: tejek Respond to of 1575489 While many of their contributions occurred between the 8th and the 13th century, their influence and contributions didn't end there. Your suggestion that "nothing" happened after Saladin is a bit of an exaggeration IMO. I am still waiting for specific examples out of your chest of better knowledge here to prove, that my statement that very little if anything was provided to the bottom line by the Muslim culture after Saladin of the 13. century is a bit of an exaggeration. By the way, believe me, I would be happy to be proven wrong. Ted, I am still waiting... For what are you waiting? I already have said that there greatest contributions were between the 8th and 13th centuries; that their empire was in decline from the 13th to the late 18th centuries. After that, the Europeans gained control and made them colonies.......from the early 18th century to the 20th century. How many important contributions would you expect from colonies? For an example, Muslims only had 6 Nobel prize winners in the 20th century. Having said that, I repeat that their contributions during the early part of the millennium were huge. When Christians reconquered Spain, they refused to destroy the city of Cordoba because it was so beautiful. The Muslims built it and called it the city of light. At the time, Baghdad was the heart of the educated world and a center for sciences. All this while Europeans were living like animals during the Dark Ages. And don't forget that their decline was not just due to internal corruption but to climatic change as well caused by environmental degradation. Iraq and much of the ME had a much wetter climate back then and there were forests that covered much of the land. It was the deforesting that was mostly responsible for the climate change. It made farming much more problematical and in turn, survival. Whereas with Europe, food became increasingly more plentiful during the millennium. None of this changes the corruption and the lack of enlightened leadership that might have led to democracy. And when the Europeans took over, any chance of democracy evaporated. ted